linkage is improved, then the production of perennial, not annual, crops will be
improved.
Hydrosphere: 3.8 km, geosphere: 12.8 mm, pedosphere: 18 cm, biosphere: 30 m,
atmosphere: 15 km, ozone layer: 3 mm.
6.9 Conclusion: Beyond “Development Mechanisms”
to “Envelopment Mechanisms”
Throughout their long anthropological history, human beings have been desperately
trying to develop land and resources for their livelihood, even in the recent example
of SDGs. However, we conclude that we need new mechanisms (referred to as
Envelopment Mechanisms) for the development of Harvesting Sun Societies, especially in the tropics. This new concept is supporting by the following evidence and
leads to the proposal of new social rules.
Tropical Rainforests Within the tropical zone, tropical rainforests occur mainly on
the islands of southeast Asia, in the Amazon basin, and in the Congo Basin because
of their hot and wet environmental conditions. Biomass productivity in tropical
rainforests is extremely high.
Rainfall is one of the key factors in biomass production. For a tree to produce 1 g
of biomass, 500 g (0.5 L) of water is required. After CO 2 is absorbed and photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, through evapotranspiration, trees expel large
amounts of water through their stomata. Thus, carbon and water metabolism are
synchronized through plant physiology, which contributes to the regulation of the
carbon and water cycles in tropical zones, where tropical rainforests are the dominant
ecosystem.
It has been hypothesized that tropical peatlands are the climax ecosystems of
tropical rainforests because the water cycle and water stock (reservoir) are maximized. As a result of the high water level, litter decomposition slows, thereby
increasing the carbon assimilation rate and carbon stock.
Maritime Continent The Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC) affects the global
climate. The IMC coastline rainfall is the greatest contributor (approximately 20% or
more) to the global latent heat, which is approximately 22% of the magnitude of the
global infrared radiation. This large-scale forcing of the diurnal convection cycle
intensity by the IMC coastline may generate teleconnections that control the global
climate.
Water–Plant–Carbon Linkage High solar radiation leads to the evaporation of
sea water, makes clouds, and transports and water to land in the form of precipitation, thus completing the water cycle and filling the water stock. Additionally, high
solar radiation stimulates photosynthesis and evapotranspiration, which control the
carbon cycle and carbon stock.
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improved.
Hydrosphere: 3.8 km, geosphere: 12.8 mm, pedosphere: 18 cm, biosphere: 30 m,
atmosphere: 15 km, ozone layer: 3 mm.
6.9 Conclusion: Beyond “Development Mechanisms”
to “Envelopment Mechanisms”
Throughout their long anthropological history, human beings have been desperately
trying to develop land and resources for their livelihood, even in the recent example
of SDGs. However, we conclude that we need new mechanisms (referred to as
Envelopment Mechanisms) for the development of Harvesting Sun Societies, especially in the tropics. This new concept is supporting by the following evidence and
leads to the proposal of new social rules.
Tropical Rainforests Within the tropical zone, tropical rainforests occur mainly on
the islands of southeast Asia, in the Amazon basin, and in the Congo Basin because
of their hot and wet environmental conditions. Biomass productivity in tropical
rainforests is extremely high.
Rainfall is one of the key factors in biomass production. For a tree to produce 1 g
of biomass, 500 g (0.5 L) of water is required. After CO 2 is absorbed and photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, through evapotranspiration, trees expel large
amounts of water through their stomata. Thus, carbon and water metabolism are
synchronized through plant physiology, which contributes to the regulation of the
carbon and water cycles in tropical zones, where tropical rainforests are the dominant
ecosystem.
It has been hypothesized that tropical peatlands are the climax ecosystems of
tropical rainforests because the water cycle and water stock (reservoir) are maximized. As a result of the high water level, litter decomposition slows, thereby
increasing the carbon assimilation rate and carbon stock.
Maritime Continent The Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC) affects the global
climate. The IMC coastline rainfall is the greatest contributor (approximately 20% or
more) to the global latent heat, which is approximately 22% of the magnitude of the
global infrared radiation. This large-scale forcing of the diurnal convection cycle
intensity by the IMC coastline may generate teleconnections that control the global
climate.
Water–Plant–Carbon Linkage High solar radiation leads to the evaporation of
sea water, makes clouds, and transports and water to land in the form of precipitation, thus completing the water cycle and filling the water stock. Additionally, high
solar radiation stimulates photosynthesis and evapotranspiration, which control the
carbon cycle and carbon stock.
236
M. Osaki et al.