in the Maritime Continent relative to the increase in the sea surface temperature
(SST) level in the area off the coast of Peru.
Teleconnections between the Coastline of the Indonesian Maritime Continent
(IMC) and the Global Climate Yamanaka et al. (2018) reviewed the concentration
of tropical rainfall around coastlines and why the world’s largest regional rainfall is
distributed over the IMC (Indonesian Maritime Continent), which has the longest
total coastline. The major contents of this review are summarized as follows.
1. The cloudÀprecipitation observation system over the IMC has been improved by
the JEPP (Japan EOS Promotion Program)-HARIMAU (Hydrometeorological
Array for ISV À Monsoon Automonitoring) and SATREPS (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development)-MCCOE (Maritime
Continent Center of Excellence) projects, which produced the scientific results
listed below.
2. The diurnal cycle has been established by the cloud–precipitation observation
system as a fundamental phenomenon, particularly near the coastlines of the
IMC. The diurnal cycle is caused by the land–sea temperature difference, due
mainly to daytime insolation (dependent on latitude and season) and nighttime
sprinkler-like rainfall and partly to interannual SST variations. It is synchronized
over almost the whole IMC and creates meso- to synoptic-scale cloud convection
systems.
3. Analyses of the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)-PR observation
data and the objective reanalysis data from the JRA-55 project have shown that in
the tropics, local rainfall is a steeply decreasing function of coastline length; this
pattern results mainly from rainfall concentrated near the IMC coastline (2).
4. Regional rainfall, as summarized by the IPCC, can be expressed by a roughly
linear function of coastal density, defined as the coastline length divided by the
enclosed land area. The world’s largest regional rainfall, which is found in the
IMC, is explained by the long coastlines in this region, which is consistent with
(2) and (3).
5. The rainfall along the IMC coastline, as mentioned in (2)–(4), is the greatest
contributor (approximately 20% or more) to the global latent heating, which
accounts for approximately 22% of the global infrared radiation (see Fig. 6.2).
Thus, variations in this rainfall may considerably affect the global climate. This is
consistent with the finding that the rainfall itself can enhance the diurnal cycle, as
mentioned in (2).
6. The large-scale forcing of the diurnal cycle by the IMC coastline (2) and the
intensity of the convection (5) may generate teleconnections that control the
global climate.
In conclusion, the IMC coastline causes heavy rainfall and is related to the global
climate.
6 Natural Capital-Based Societies in the Tropics
203
(SST) level in the area off the coast of Peru.
Teleconnections between the Coastline of the Indonesian Maritime Continent
(IMC) and the Global Climate Yamanaka et al. (2018) reviewed the concentration
of tropical rainfall around coastlines and why the world’s largest regional rainfall is
distributed over the IMC (Indonesian Maritime Continent), which has the longest
total coastline. The major contents of this review are summarized as follows.
1. The cloudÀprecipitation observation system over the IMC has been improved by
the JEPP (Japan EOS Promotion Program)-HARIMAU (Hydrometeorological
Array for ISV À Monsoon Automonitoring) and SATREPS (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development)-MCCOE (Maritime
Continent Center of Excellence) projects, which produced the scientific results
listed below.
2. The diurnal cycle has been established by the cloud–precipitation observation
system as a fundamental phenomenon, particularly near the coastlines of the
IMC. The diurnal cycle is caused by the land–sea temperature difference, due
mainly to daytime insolation (dependent on latitude and season) and nighttime
sprinkler-like rainfall and partly to interannual SST variations. It is synchronized
over almost the whole IMC and creates meso- to synoptic-scale cloud convection
systems.
3. Analyses of the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)-PR observation
data and the objective reanalysis data from the JRA-55 project have shown that in
the tropics, local rainfall is a steeply decreasing function of coastline length; this
pattern results mainly from rainfall concentrated near the IMC coastline (2).
4. Regional rainfall, as summarized by the IPCC, can be expressed by a roughly
linear function of coastal density, defined as the coastline length divided by the
enclosed land area. The world’s largest regional rainfall, which is found in the
IMC, is explained by the long coastlines in this region, which is consistent with
(2) and (3).
5. The rainfall along the IMC coastline, as mentioned in (2)–(4), is the greatest
contributor (approximately 20% or more) to the global latent heating, which
accounts for approximately 22% of the global infrared radiation (see Fig. 6.2).
Thus, variations in this rainfall may considerably affect the global climate. This is
consistent with the finding that the rainfall itself can enhance the diurnal cycle, as
mentioned in (2).
6. The large-scale forcing of the diurnal cycle by the IMC coastline (2) and the
intensity of the convection (5) may generate teleconnections that control the
global climate.
In conclusion, the IMC coastline causes heavy rainfall and is related to the global
climate.
6 Natural Capital-Based Societies in the Tropics
203