Ideal Harvesting Sun Societies depend on natural capital and target the development of “carbon-neutral societies.” Harvesting Sun Societies should use small
amounts of energy from hydropower and biomass. Here, we propose to call this
new earth management system, which depends on natural capital, “Envelopment
Mechanisms.” “Harvested Sun Societies” depend on natural resources and target
carbon-negative economies. Harvested Sun Societies rely on fossil fuels and industrial renewable energy (mainly solar panels and wind power). Here, we propose to
call these destructive earth management systems, which depend on natural resources,
“Development Mechanisms.”
Keywords Harvested sun society · Harvesting sun society · Development
mechanisms · Envelopment mechanisms · Water–TREE–carbon linkage
6.1 Introduction
Solar radiation energy is very high in the tropics; thus, tropical areas have developed
several functions: (1) high levels of energy transformation into heat (mainly through
evaporation and evapotranspiration), (2) carbon assimilation (biomass production)
by photosynthesis, and (3) carbon and water storage (reservoir) in peatlands and
organic-rich ecosystems. Thus, the tropics are home to very specific ecosystems that
differ greatly from those of other regions.
6.1.1 Water Systems in the Tropics
In tropical ecosystems, as water is the principle element for diffusing and dispersing
high solar radiation energy, the water cycle and water stock are essential. In other
words, it is assumed that once the water cycle and water stock systems are disrupted,
tropical ecosystems should be destroyed and collapsed immediately.
6.1.1.1 Tropical Rainfall in the Global Climate
Rainfall was recognized as one of the most important factors for classifying climate
and its global quantitative description by Köppen (1918), who divided the tropical
climate (A; classified by temperature in his first global climate map in 1884) into
rainforest (Af) and savanna (Aw), according to vegetation (Fig. 6.1) (Beck et al.
2018). This separation is also reasonable because, essentially, temperature and
rainfall represent the sensible (radiative) and latent heating processes, respectively,
which maintain climate (Fig. 6.2, left).
The earth’s climate system includes latent heat input from the ground to the
atmosphere through the cloud–precipitation cycle (Fig. 6.2, left), which is also a part
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M. Osaki et al.
amounts of energy from hydropower and biomass. Here, we propose to call this
new earth management system, which depends on natural capital, “Envelopment
Mechanisms.” “Harvested Sun Societies” depend on natural resources and target
carbon-negative economies. Harvested Sun Societies rely on fossil fuels and industrial renewable energy (mainly solar panels and wind power). Here, we propose to
call these destructive earth management systems, which depend on natural resources,
“Development Mechanisms.”
Keywords Harvested sun society · Harvesting sun society · Development
mechanisms · Envelopment mechanisms · Water–TREE–carbon linkage
6.1 Introduction
Solar radiation energy is very high in the tropics; thus, tropical areas have developed
several functions: (1) high levels of energy transformation into heat (mainly through
evaporation and evapotranspiration), (2) carbon assimilation (biomass production)
by photosynthesis, and (3) carbon and water storage (reservoir) in peatlands and
organic-rich ecosystems. Thus, the tropics are home to very specific ecosystems that
differ greatly from those of other regions.
6.1.1 Water Systems in the Tropics
In tropical ecosystems, as water is the principle element for diffusing and dispersing
high solar radiation energy, the water cycle and water stock are essential. In other
words, it is assumed that once the water cycle and water stock systems are disrupted,
tropical ecosystems should be destroyed and collapsed immediately.
6.1.1.1 Tropical Rainfall in the Global Climate
Rainfall was recognized as one of the most important factors for classifying climate
and its global quantitative description by Köppen (1918), who divided the tropical
climate (A; classified by temperature in his first global climate map in 1884) into
rainforest (Af) and savanna (Aw), according to vegetation (Fig. 6.1) (Beck et al.
2018). This separation is also reasonable because, essentially, temperature and
rainfall represent the sensible (radiative) and latent heating processes, respectively,
which maintain climate (Fig. 6.2, left).
The earth’s climate system includes latent heat input from the ground to the
atmosphere through the cloud–precipitation cycle (Fig. 6.2, left), which is also a part
198
M. Osaki et al.