orchestrates the carbon–water–nutrients elements because if no forest exists in
tropical peatland, the carbon–water–nutrients elements quickly fall into disorder,
and the tropical peatland ecosystem is destroyed and quickly decomposed.
Thus, tropical peatland exists via a balance of the three key elements of the
carbon–water–nutrients system through the forest function, which is typical to most
dynamic ecosystems. To maintain, conserve, rehabilitate, and restore tropical
peatland, an important topic is information and informatics on the carbon–water–
nutrients elements and forest function. However, this important topic is highly
limited not only in tropical peatland but also in the tropics zone. To cover these
issues, we propose an “integrated monitoring, reporting, and verifying (iMRV)
system” that obtains information and constructs the informatics of the tropical
peatland and tropics zone related to (1) water and carbon dynamics, (2) biomass
production and biodiversity, (3) deforestation and forest degradation, and (4) climate
change and human impact. The iMRV system is composed of five functions of
(1) real-time and high frequency, (2) high resolution (less than 1 Â 1 m), (3) high
number and wide range spectrum bands such as the hypersensor and PALSAR
[phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar]), (4) 3-dimensional analysis,
and (5) cost performance using ground truth (monitoring), drone/unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAV), and satellites.
The iMRV system and modeling can be used to evaluate carbon emission, water
condition, biomass, deforestation, and forest degradation and for fire detection in the
peatland and tropical zones. However, the Equator and the tropics are a key to Earth
(planetary) boundary conservation because of the dynamics of most ecosystems.
Nevertheless, it is difficult to obtain optical sensing data for evaluation because of
heavy clouds.
Finally, we propose an “international Equator observation system (iEOS)” composed of several sensing systems: hypersensor, PALSAR, 3D photogrammetry, and
GHG sensor in an Equator orbiter. The satellite in the Equator orbiter covers the
same location several times per day, and thus one GIS scene can be synthesized from
mosaic data from cloudless spots.
Once iEOS is established, we can obtain real-time information and informatics
operations (real-time auto-simulation) on all ecosystems of a tropical zone with
notably low-cost performance. iEOS contributes to all key inventories listed above.
Acknowledgements Eco-management of tropical peatland in Indonesia was primarily conducted
by (1) the SATRREPS foundation (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable
Development) project titled “Wildfire and Carbon Management in Peat Forest in Indonesia”
founded by JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency) and JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency); (2) the IJ-REDD project founded by JICA; and (3) JICA-JPS-BRG Program among
the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA, Japan), Japan Peatland Society (JPS, Japan),
and Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG, Indonesia).
For peatland mapping in the Peruvian Amazon, the “Project on Capacity Development for
Forest Conservation and REDD Mechanisms” was founded by the Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) in collaboration with the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP) of the Ministry
of Environment (MINAM) and the National Authority of Forest and Wildlife (SERFOR), Ministry
of Agriculture and Irrigation (MINAGRI), Government of Peru.
5 Evaluation of Eco-Management of Tropical Peatlands
193
tropical peatland, the carbon–water–nutrients elements quickly fall into disorder,
and the tropical peatland ecosystem is destroyed and quickly decomposed.
Thus, tropical peatland exists via a balance of the three key elements of the
carbon–water–nutrients system through the forest function, which is typical to most
dynamic ecosystems. To maintain, conserve, rehabilitate, and restore tropical
peatland, an important topic is information and informatics on the carbon–water–
nutrients elements and forest function. However, this important topic is highly
limited not only in tropical peatland but also in the tropics zone. To cover these
issues, we propose an “integrated monitoring, reporting, and verifying (iMRV)
system” that obtains information and constructs the informatics of the tropical
peatland and tropics zone related to (1) water and carbon dynamics, (2) biomass
production and biodiversity, (3) deforestation and forest degradation, and (4) climate
change and human impact. The iMRV system is composed of five functions of
(1) real-time and high frequency, (2) high resolution (less than 1 Â 1 m), (3) high
number and wide range spectrum bands such as the hypersensor and PALSAR
[phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar]), (4) 3-dimensional analysis,
and (5) cost performance using ground truth (monitoring), drone/unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAV), and satellites.
The iMRV system and modeling can be used to evaluate carbon emission, water
condition, biomass, deforestation, and forest degradation and for fire detection in the
peatland and tropical zones. However, the Equator and the tropics are a key to Earth
(planetary) boundary conservation because of the dynamics of most ecosystems.
Nevertheless, it is difficult to obtain optical sensing data for evaluation because of
heavy clouds.
Finally, we propose an “international Equator observation system (iEOS)” composed of several sensing systems: hypersensor, PALSAR, 3D photogrammetry, and
GHG sensor in an Equator orbiter. The satellite in the Equator orbiter covers the
same location several times per day, and thus one GIS scene can be synthesized from
mosaic data from cloudless spots.
Once iEOS is established, we can obtain real-time information and informatics
operations (real-time auto-simulation) on all ecosystems of a tropical zone with
notably low-cost performance. iEOS contributes to all key inventories listed above.
Acknowledgements Eco-management of tropical peatland in Indonesia was primarily conducted
by (1) the SATRREPS foundation (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable
Development) project titled “Wildfire and Carbon Management in Peat Forest in Indonesia”
founded by JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency) and JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency); (2) the IJ-REDD project founded by JICA; and (3) JICA-JPS-BRG Program among
the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA, Japan), Japan Peatland Society (JPS, Japan),
and Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG, Indonesia).
For peatland mapping in the Peruvian Amazon, the “Project on Capacity Development for
Forest Conservation and REDD Mechanisms” was founded by the Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) in collaboration with the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP) of the Ministry
of Environment (MINAM) and the National Authority of Forest and Wildlife (SERFOR), Ministry
of Agriculture and Irrigation (MINAGRI), Government of Peru.
5 Evaluation of Eco-Management of Tropical Peatlands
193