and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) land surface model in the WRF soil
module, we downscale a 0.25-degree surface weather map to a 1 Â 1 km mesh
grid. The result of the WRF output consists of maps with resolutions of 27 Â 27 km
(D0), 9 Â 9 km (D1), 3 Â 3 km (D2), and 1 Â 1 km (D3). The map with 1 Â 1 km
resolution can be obtained using interpolation of D3 into D2, D2 into D1, and D1
into D0. The map is combined with the drained and burned peat map produced by
Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) Indonesia. Furthermore, the GWL
map is built based on an empirical model between the soil moisture from the WRF
result and the GWL data installed in the burned peat forest and drained peat forest.
The concept of GWL leveling with WRF is depicted in Fig. 5.4a. For example,
we demonstrate the GWL mapping in July 2018 in the province of South Sumatra.
The results of the WRF produce soil moisture maps in which this map overlaps with
a map of the peat forest with the three categories of undrained forest (UF), drained
forest (DF), and drained and burned forest (DB). A regression is performed between
the WRF soil moisture and GWL data installed in the three forest categories such that
the GWL data are obtained. The regression was performed based on the WRF data
one month backward and the soil moisture prediction for 1 week ahead. Thus, we
also obtain the GWL predictions for 1 week ahead. This result is depicted in
Fig. 5.4b. The GWL map stated in Geographic Information System (GIS) form is
shown in Fig. 5.4c.
5.5 Carbon Flux Mapping
The conventional drainage-based WM (see Chap. 2) caused a disaster of carbon
emission from peatland [known as carbon positive (carbon assimilation or cabon
sequestration) (see Chap. 2)]. Conservation and rehabilitation have primarily
focused on native forest conservation known as carbon neutral (zero carbon emission) (see Chap. 2). However, the stock-based WM focuses on sustainable biomass
production in peatlands, for which all plants should grow under high GWL, and
according to zoning and topography, the available plants and commercial plants
should be used in strategies related to mitigation and adaptation to climate change
known as carbon negative (carbon emission) (see Chap. 2). This approach is
expected to achieve significantly more than a mere reduction in CO 2 emission
once the stock-based WM is introduced for peatland management.
5.5.1 CO 2 Flux Measurement
After much research and discussion, various estimation models were proposed to
determine the CO 2 emissions from peatlands. One of the CO 2 emission models from
peat decomposition is taken from estimation of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE)
using the eddy covariance technology in flux towers. Data recorded from the eddy
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module, we downscale a 0.25-degree surface weather map to a 1 Â 1 km mesh
grid. The result of the WRF output consists of maps with resolutions of 27 Â 27 km
(D0), 9 Â 9 km (D1), 3 Â 3 km (D2), and 1 Â 1 km (D3). The map with 1 Â 1 km
resolution can be obtained using interpolation of D3 into D2, D2 into D1, and D1
into D0. The map is combined with the drained and burned peat map produced by
Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) Indonesia. Furthermore, the GWL
map is built based on an empirical model between the soil moisture from the WRF
result and the GWL data installed in the burned peat forest and drained peat forest.
The concept of GWL leveling with WRF is depicted in Fig. 5.4a. For example,
we demonstrate the GWL mapping in July 2018 in the province of South Sumatra.
The results of the WRF produce soil moisture maps in which this map overlaps with
a map of the peat forest with the three categories of undrained forest (UF), drained
forest (DF), and drained and burned forest (DB). A regression is performed between
the WRF soil moisture and GWL data installed in the three forest categories such that
the GWL data are obtained. The regression was performed based on the WRF data
one month backward and the soil moisture prediction for 1 week ahead. Thus, we
also obtain the GWL predictions for 1 week ahead. This result is depicted in
Fig. 5.4b. The GWL map stated in Geographic Information System (GIS) form is
shown in Fig. 5.4c.
5.5 Carbon Flux Mapping
The conventional drainage-based WM (see Chap. 2) caused a disaster of carbon
emission from peatland [known as carbon positive (carbon assimilation or cabon
sequestration) (see Chap. 2)]. Conservation and rehabilitation have primarily
focused on native forest conservation known as carbon neutral (zero carbon emission) (see Chap. 2). However, the stock-based WM focuses on sustainable biomass
production in peatlands, for which all plants should grow under high GWL, and
according to zoning and topography, the available plants and commercial plants
should be used in strategies related to mitigation and adaptation to climate change
known as carbon negative (carbon emission) (see Chap. 2). This approach is
expected to achieve significantly more than a mere reduction in CO 2 emission
once the stock-based WM is introduced for peatland management.
5.5.1 CO 2 Flux Measurement
After much research and discussion, various estimation models were proposed to
determine the CO 2 emissions from peatlands. One of the CO 2 emission models from
peat decomposition is taken from estimation of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE)
using the eddy covariance technology in flux towers. Data recorded from the eddy
172
N. Tsuji et al.