A “Carbon Negative oriented Society” (TREE model) enhances (1) conservation
of natural capital, (2) use of natural (not industrial) renewable energy (biomass and
river water), and (3) new ecology-based VCs.
Thus, as tropical peatlands and tropical regions (tropics) have high potential of
natural capital, primarily based on forest function and water cycling, a carbon
negative oriented society will be established in the tropics only if we develop
appropriate eco-management systems, with real-time evaluation systems (integrated
MRV system) and ecology-based VCs (primarily renewable energy strategies).
Acknowledgements We would such as to express our sincere gratitude to our seniors and
colleagues of Sumitomo Forestry, co., Ltd., as well as the Alas Kusuma Group, for their enthusiastic
support towards the success of the business. We believe that the success of this project is a result of
the collective efforts of two leading forestry companies in Japan and Indonesia. This chapter also
depends on results obtained from FOERDIA-PT. WSL/PT. MTI Pilot Project,
PT. WSL/PT. MTI-JPS Collaboration Program, PT. WSL/PT. MTI-IDH, The Sustainable Trade
Initiative, JICA-JPS and BRG Program, Kyoto University-Hokkaido University-RINH and BRG
Program, JICA IJ-REDD Project, JICA-JST Project (SATREPS), and JST Project (JASTIP).
References
Ancrenaz M, Gumal M, Marshall AJ, Meijaard E, Wich SA, Husson S (2016) Pongo pygmaeus.
The IUCN red list of threatened species 2016: e.T17975A17966347
Anderson J (1963) The flora of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei, including a
catalogue of all recorded species of flowering plants, ferns, and fern allies. Garden’s Bull Singap
29:131–228
Basuki I, Kauffman JB, Peterson J, Anshari G, Murdiyarso D (2018) Land cover changes reduce net
primary production in tropical coastal peatlands of West Kalimantan. Indonesia. Mitigat Adapt
Strat Glob Change 24(4):557–573
Bowen MR, Bompard JM, Anderson IP, Guziol P, Gouyon A (2000) Anthropogenic fires in
Indonesia; a view from Sumatra. In: Radojevic M, Eaton P (eds) Forest fires and regional
haze in Southeast Asia. Nova Science, New York
Carlson KM, Curran LM, Ratnasan D et al (2012) Committed carbon emissions, deforestation, and
community land conversion from oil palm plantation expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:7559–7564
Cattau ME, Harrison ME, Shinyo I, Tungau S, Uriate M, DeFries R (2016) Sources of anthropogenic fire ignitions on the peat-swamp landscape in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Glob Environ
Chang 39(2016):205–219
Cochrane MA, Schulze MD (1999) Fire as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the eastern
Amazon: effects on Forest structure, biomass, and species composition. Biotropica 31(1):2–16
Connell M (1974) Succession of infestation in illipe nuts in Serawak an example of a cash crop
problem. Australian Wheat Board
Corlett RT (2019) The ecology of tropical East Asia, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
Costanza R, D'Arge R, de Groot R, Faber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O'Neill
RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem
services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260
de Jong W (1999) Taking non-timber forest products out of the forest: management, production and
biodiversity conservation. NTFP research in the Tropenbos programme: results and perspectives
Decree of the Minister of Forestry (2014) No SK 4192 of 2014
Dennis C, Aldhous P (2004) Biodiversity: a tragedy with many players. Nature 430:396–398
4 Coexistence of Humans and Nature in Tropical Peatlands
159
of natural capital, (2) use of natural (not industrial) renewable energy (biomass and
river water), and (3) new ecology-based VCs.
Thus, as tropical peatlands and tropical regions (tropics) have high potential of
natural capital, primarily based on forest function and water cycling, a carbon
negative oriented society will be established in the tropics only if we develop
appropriate eco-management systems, with real-time evaluation systems (integrated
MRV system) and ecology-based VCs (primarily renewable energy strategies).
Acknowledgements We would such as to express our sincere gratitude to our seniors and
colleagues of Sumitomo Forestry, co., Ltd., as well as the Alas Kusuma Group, for their enthusiastic
support towards the success of the business. We believe that the success of this project is a result of
the collective efforts of two leading forestry companies in Japan and Indonesia. This chapter also
depends on results obtained from FOERDIA-PT. WSL/PT. MTI Pilot Project,
PT. WSL/PT. MTI-JPS Collaboration Program, PT. WSL/PT. MTI-IDH, The Sustainable Trade
Initiative, JICA-JPS and BRG Program, Kyoto University-Hokkaido University-RINH and BRG
Program, JICA IJ-REDD Project, JICA-JST Project (SATREPS), and JST Project (JASTIP).
References
Ancrenaz M, Gumal M, Marshall AJ, Meijaard E, Wich SA, Husson S (2016) Pongo pygmaeus.
The IUCN red list of threatened species 2016: e.T17975A17966347
Anderson J (1963) The flora of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei, including a
catalogue of all recorded species of flowering plants, ferns, and fern allies. Garden’s Bull Singap
29:131–228
Basuki I, Kauffman JB, Peterson J, Anshari G, Murdiyarso D (2018) Land cover changes reduce net
primary production in tropical coastal peatlands of West Kalimantan. Indonesia. Mitigat Adapt
Strat Glob Change 24(4):557–573
Bowen MR, Bompard JM, Anderson IP, Guziol P, Gouyon A (2000) Anthropogenic fires in
Indonesia; a view from Sumatra. In: Radojevic M, Eaton P (eds) Forest fires and regional
haze in Southeast Asia. Nova Science, New York
Carlson KM, Curran LM, Ratnasan D et al (2012) Committed carbon emissions, deforestation, and
community land conversion from oil palm plantation expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:7559–7564
Cattau ME, Harrison ME, Shinyo I, Tungau S, Uriate M, DeFries R (2016) Sources of anthropogenic fire ignitions on the peat-swamp landscape in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Glob Environ
Chang 39(2016):205–219
Cochrane MA, Schulze MD (1999) Fire as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the eastern
Amazon: effects on Forest structure, biomass, and species composition. Biotropica 31(1):2–16
Connell M (1974) Succession of infestation in illipe nuts in Serawak an example of a cash crop
problem. Australian Wheat Board
Corlett RT (2019) The ecology of tropical East Asia, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
Costanza R, D'Arge R, de Groot R, Faber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O'Neill
RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem
services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260
de Jong W (1999) Taking non-timber forest products out of the forest: management, production and
biodiversity conservation. NTFP research in the Tropenbos programme: results and perspectives
Decree of the Minister of Forestry (2014) No SK 4192 of 2014
Dennis C, Aldhous P (2004) Biodiversity: a tragedy with many players. Nature 430:396–398
4 Coexistence of Humans and Nature in Tropical Peatlands
159