industrial processes under the title of renewable energy. In other words, it is difficult
to introduce solar and wind power in the tropics. This is because, in addition to the
cloudy and rainy weather (high humidity), the land will be degraded due to the vast
land surface prepared for the installation of solar power. For wind power, it is not
stable and often does not produce enough power. Geothermal power generation is
extremely limited in terms of location and requires huge investment costs to construct. Here, the “Nature and Human Coexistence” is a new terminology that
includes the economy and ecology that must be maintained within a closed global
system, and the use of natural resources should be accomplished through recycling,
not exploiting.
Thus, in tropics, the “Comprehensive VCs” should focus on “carbon-negative
society” systems depending on natural resources (natural capital), proposed in this
chapter on “Coexistence between Humans and Nature in Tropical Peatland,” of
which ideas can be applied to the whole tropics, not only to tropical peatlands.
4.7 Conclusions
4.7.1 Biodiversity of Peat Swamp Forest in a Landscape
A study was performed on plant and animal species, including aquatic animals, in a
total of 133,700 ha in two plantation projects (115,000 ha) and a governmentdesignated conservation forest (18,700 ha) located in the western coastal area of
West Kalimantan (Decree of the Minister of Forestry 2014).
As a result, 529 species of plants, 54 species of animals, and 27 species of fish
were identified, demonstrating very high biodiversity.
To conserve biodiversity, the WSL-MTI has left vegetation along the river
300–500 m in width as a “green corridor” to allow the proboscis monkeys to
move to a safe area. For orangutans, WSL-MTI has established conservation areas
around existing habitats, calling them “core zones” and focusing on patrolling the
entire core zone. A network of core zones and green corridors (Conservation
Network) has been established to conserve flora and fauna, and with the cooperation
of adjacent business sectors, there is now a connection between mangrove forests
and conservation forests. Currently, conservation of rare flora and fauna needs to be
performed at the landscape level, rather than by a single company. This means that
collaboration with other companies, local governments, and local communities is
essential.
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to introduce solar and wind power in the tropics. This is because, in addition to the
cloudy and rainy weather (high humidity), the land will be degraded due to the vast
land surface prepared for the installation of solar power. For wind power, it is not
stable and often does not produce enough power. Geothermal power generation is
extremely limited in terms of location and requires huge investment costs to construct. Here, the “Nature and Human Coexistence” is a new terminology that
includes the economy and ecology that must be maintained within a closed global
system, and the use of natural resources should be accomplished through recycling,
not exploiting.
Thus, in tropics, the “Comprehensive VCs” should focus on “carbon-negative
society” systems depending on natural resources (natural capital), proposed in this
chapter on “Coexistence between Humans and Nature in Tropical Peatland,” of
which ideas can be applied to the whole tropics, not only to tropical peatlands.
4.7 Conclusions
4.7.1 Biodiversity of Peat Swamp Forest in a Landscape
A study was performed on plant and animal species, including aquatic animals, in a
total of 133,700 ha in two plantation projects (115,000 ha) and a governmentdesignated conservation forest (18,700 ha) located in the western coastal area of
West Kalimantan (Decree of the Minister of Forestry 2014).
As a result, 529 species of plants, 54 species of animals, and 27 species of fish
were identified, demonstrating very high biodiversity.
To conserve biodiversity, the WSL-MTI has left vegetation along the river
300–500 m in width as a “green corridor” to allow the proboscis monkeys to
move to a safe area. For orangutans, WSL-MTI has established conservation areas
around existing habitats, calling them “core zones” and focusing on patrolling the
entire core zone. A network of core zones and green corridors (Conservation
Network) has been established to conserve flora and fauna, and with the cooperation
of adjacent business sectors, there is now a connection between mangrove forests
and conservation forests. Currently, conservation of rare flora and fauna needs to be
performed at the landscape level, rather than by a single company. This means that
collaboration with other companies, local governments, and local communities is
essential.
156
T. Kato et al.