correct valuation of the ecosystem services and natural capital but also serve as a
guide and tool for policymakers to design efficient trading systems. Conversely, for
“economy-based VCs” companies should evaluate a series of business activities,
such as procurement of raw materials and components, manufacturing and
processing of goods, shipping and delivery, marketing, sales to customers, and
after-sales service. Unfortunately, this process does not include environmental,
ecological, or social considerations.
Among many important elements of the ecosystem service and natural capital for
“ecology-based VCs,” the most critical elements are as follows:
• Carbon cycle (flow) and carbon reservoir (stock).
• Water cycle (flow) and water reservoir (stock).
• Biodiversity change (flow) and biomass (stock).
In the past, peat research has primarily focused on fire and carbon emissions. In
peatlands, the water cycle, both above- and below-ground, and biodiversity are
important indicators, but due to the difficulties, few surveys or studies have been
performed so far, and information is limited. However, these two elements should be
added to the carbon cycle because they are indispensable for the evaluation of
peatlands. The above three elements related to peat issues, combined with the
benefits of agriculture and forestry regardless of scales, represent a model of the
“ecology-based VCs” to work towards.
The innovated “Integrated MRV System” focusing on tropical zone (boundary),
proposed in Chap. 5, has high potential for evaluating the natural capital of “ecology-based VCs” in (semi-)real-time and high resolution with the cheapest cost,
especially in tropical zones. Thus, the innovative “Integrated MRV System” should
lead to a breakthrough in “ecology-based value chains (VCs).”
4.6 Carbon Negative Strategy as the Final Goal
of Comprehensive Value Chains
In addition to protection of peat ecosystems through the “large-scale
eco-management of tropical peatland,” strategies for mitigation and adaptation to
the urgent regional and global challenges of climate change should be implemented.
If society (or a management system) under climate change is classified by resiliencevulnerability elements, society (or the management system) would be separated into
three states: carbon negative, carbon neutral, and carbon positive societies
(or management systems) (Fig. 4.14).
Conventional “Drainage-based water management” has been a disaster for carbon
emissions from peatlands [called “carbon positive”]. Conservation and rehabilitation
are primarily focusing on native forest conservation [called “carbon neutral”].
However, further “carbon neutral” forest management should be overcome to create
the ecology-based VCs by (1) applying innovative technology on “Stock-based
154
T. Kato et al.
guide and tool for policymakers to design efficient trading systems. Conversely, for
“economy-based VCs” companies should evaluate a series of business activities,
such as procurement of raw materials and components, manufacturing and
processing of goods, shipping and delivery, marketing, sales to customers, and
after-sales service. Unfortunately, this process does not include environmental,
ecological, or social considerations.
Among many important elements of the ecosystem service and natural capital for
“ecology-based VCs,” the most critical elements are as follows:
• Carbon cycle (flow) and carbon reservoir (stock).
• Water cycle (flow) and water reservoir (stock).
• Biodiversity change (flow) and biomass (stock).
In the past, peat research has primarily focused on fire and carbon emissions. In
peatlands, the water cycle, both above- and below-ground, and biodiversity are
important indicators, but due to the difficulties, few surveys or studies have been
performed so far, and information is limited. However, these two elements should be
added to the carbon cycle because they are indispensable for the evaluation of
peatlands. The above three elements related to peat issues, combined with the
benefits of agriculture and forestry regardless of scales, represent a model of the
“ecology-based VCs” to work towards.
The innovated “Integrated MRV System” focusing on tropical zone (boundary),
proposed in Chap. 5, has high potential for evaluating the natural capital of “ecology-based VCs” in (semi-)real-time and high resolution with the cheapest cost,
especially in tropical zones. Thus, the innovative “Integrated MRV System” should
lead to a breakthrough in “ecology-based value chains (VCs).”
4.6 Carbon Negative Strategy as the Final Goal
of Comprehensive Value Chains
In addition to protection of peat ecosystems through the “large-scale
eco-management of tropical peatland,” strategies for mitigation and adaptation to
the urgent regional and global challenges of climate change should be implemented.
If society (or a management system) under climate change is classified by resiliencevulnerability elements, society (or the management system) would be separated into
three states: carbon negative, carbon neutral, and carbon positive societies
(or management systems) (Fig. 4.14).
Conventional “Drainage-based water management” has been a disaster for carbon
emissions from peatlands [called “carbon positive”]. Conservation and rehabilitation
are primarily focusing on native forest conservation [called “carbon neutral”].
However, further “carbon neutral” forest management should be overcome to create
the ecology-based VCs by (1) applying innovative technology on “Stock-based
154
T. Kato et al.