would be of paramount importance in the future. His predictions did not include peat
fires, but the careless development of deep peatlands, which he predicted would be
difficult, resulted in massive fires due to the absence of serious El Niño and large
areas of development at that time. However, it could be noted that his prediction was
insightful.
3.4 Conventional Tropical Peatland Management System
in Indonesia
The land system in Indonesia has been widely known through the map of the
Regional Physical Planning Program for Transmigration (RePPProT 1990), which
was conducted between 1985 and 1990 to support the Transmigration program from
Java. Subsequently, based on satellite images of 1990 and 2002, a set of maps of the
Land System with a scale of 1:250,000 was published, covering not only the
potential migration areas but also the whole of Indonesia. The RePPProT was the
base for the peat distribution map later published by Wetland International—WI
(Wahyunto and Subagjo 2003, 2004; Wahyunto et al. 2006), and the WI would lead
to the updated peat distribution map published by the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)
in 2011 (revised in 2018). The MoA map was developed by adding information from
the soil map delineated by SPOT-5 in addition to the WI information (Minasny et al.
2019).
According to the land system and physiographic unit maps of West Kalimantan
published by RePPProT 1986 (Wahyunto et al. 2014), both WSL-MTI concessions
are dominated by relatively alluvium sediment with peat formation above the
sedimentation layer. According to the USDA soil taxonomy, much of the study
area is dominated by Histosols, which have a layer of organic matter exceeding
40 cm and an organic carbon concentration of 12–18%. Histosols are further
subdivided into sapric, hemic, and fibric components, but their distribution varies
by location and topography.
3.5 Two Water Management System in Tropical Peatland
For wise use of degraded tropical peatlands, it is crucial to implement a water
management system based on a full understanding of peatland hydrology, which
can maintain the optimal water levels for expected land uses (Wösten and Ritzema
2001; Muhamad and Rieley 2002; Rieley and Page 2005). However, in many cases,
economic and operational efficiency have been prioritized, and the water level has
not been properly managed by the private sector. In general, the peat dome’s
function is to preserve water-saturated conditions from rainfall and reserve substantial water in peat. Hence, many companies have considered a drainage system using
96
T. Kato et al.
fires, but the careless development of deep peatlands, which he predicted would be
difficult, resulted in massive fires due to the absence of serious El Niño and large
areas of development at that time. However, it could be noted that his prediction was
insightful.
3.4 Conventional Tropical Peatland Management System
in Indonesia
The land system in Indonesia has been widely known through the map of the
Regional Physical Planning Program for Transmigration (RePPProT 1990), which
was conducted between 1985 and 1990 to support the Transmigration program from
Java. Subsequently, based on satellite images of 1990 and 2002, a set of maps of the
Land System with a scale of 1:250,000 was published, covering not only the
potential migration areas but also the whole of Indonesia. The RePPProT was the
base for the peat distribution map later published by Wetland International—WI
(Wahyunto and Subagjo 2003, 2004; Wahyunto et al. 2006), and the WI would lead
to the updated peat distribution map published by the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)
in 2011 (revised in 2018). The MoA map was developed by adding information from
the soil map delineated by SPOT-5 in addition to the WI information (Minasny et al.
2019).
According to the land system and physiographic unit maps of West Kalimantan
published by RePPProT 1986 (Wahyunto et al. 2014), both WSL-MTI concessions
are dominated by relatively alluvium sediment with peat formation above the
sedimentation layer. According to the USDA soil taxonomy, much of the study
area is dominated by Histosols, which have a layer of organic matter exceeding
40 cm and an organic carbon concentration of 12–18%. Histosols are further
subdivided into sapric, hemic, and fibric components, but their distribution varies
by location and topography.
3.5 Two Water Management System in Tropical Peatland
For wise use of degraded tropical peatlands, it is crucial to implement a water
management system based on a full understanding of peatland hydrology, which
can maintain the optimal water levels for expected land uses (Wösten and Ritzema
2001; Muhamad and Rieley 2002; Rieley and Page 2005). However, in many cases,
economic and operational efficiency have been prioritized, and the water level has
not been properly managed by the private sector. In general, the peat dome’s
function is to preserve water-saturated conditions from rainfall and reserve substantial water in peat. Hence, many companies have considered a drainage system using
96
T. Kato et al.