712
D. Froidevaux
deferred. Dealing with significant deferrals has always been damaging to the
atmosphere of large collaborations of this type and the fact that both experiments
are now essentially complete should certainly be attributed to the credit of all
their participants.
A particular mention should go here to our Russian colleagues, who have
not only strongly contributed intellectually to the experiments, as all the others,
from the very beginning, but who also staffed continuously, together with other
Eastern European colleagues and also colleagues from Asia, a very large fraction
of the teams needed to assemble, equip, test and commission the major detector
components. This was quite striking during the installation period from just
listening to the conversations occurring in the lifts bringing people and equipment
up and down the experimental shafts.
• the concept of deliverables has also turned out to the advantage of the projects.
Each set of institutes in each country have been asked to deliver a certain
fraction of specific components of the detector systems, ranging from a modest
(but critical!) scope, such as the fabrication of the C-fibre cylinders for the
barrel semi-conductor tracker in ATLAS, to a very large (and very visible to
the whole collaboration!) scope, such as the CMS crystal production in several
commercial companies, or as the ATLAS super-conducting solenoid built in
Japanese industry, in close collaboration with institutes from the same country,
which are full-fledged members of the collaboration.
This concept has certainly maximised the overall funding received by ATLAS
and CMS, because each funding agency has to a certain extent been asked and
has agreed to take responsibility for the delivery of certain detector components
without assigning to these a specific cost, since the real costs vary from country to
country, and even the ratios of costs between different countries inevitably vary,
because of the approximately uniform costs of raw materials as compared to the
wildly differing costs of skilled and unskilled labour. Since the infrastructure
of the experiments is a mixture of low and high technology components, most
participating countries have in the end been able to contribute efficiently in kind
to the common projects of interest to the whole collaboration.
• the scheme based on deliverables rather than raw funding could not have worked
however without being completed by a sizable set of common projects, to which
the funding agencies had to contribute, either through funds to be handled
by the management of the experiments, either through in-kind contributions,
the cost of which was determined in the context of the same scheme as for
the deliverables. Examples of these common projects are the magnets of both
experiments, the LAr cryostats and cryogenics of ATLAS, and much of the less
high-tech infrastructure components of both experiments.
• finally, the computing operations of the experiments and the analysis of the
data taken over the next 10 years do and will require a very distributed and
international style of working also. This is not really new to our community,
it is just of an unprecedented scale in size and duration. The collaborations are
evolving now from an organisational model focussed initially on research and
development and then on construction to a new model, which is focussed more on
D. Froidevaux
deferred. Dealing with significant deferrals has always been damaging to the
atmosphere of large collaborations of this type and the fact that both experiments
are now essentially complete should certainly be attributed to the credit of all
their participants.
A particular mention should go here to our Russian colleagues, who have
not only strongly contributed intellectually to the experiments, as all the others,
from the very beginning, but who also staffed continuously, together with other
Eastern European colleagues and also colleagues from Asia, a very large fraction
of the teams needed to assemble, equip, test and commission the major detector
components. This was quite striking during the installation period from just
listening to the conversations occurring in the lifts bringing people and equipment
up and down the experimental shafts.
• the concept of deliverables has also turned out to the advantage of the projects.
Each set of institutes in each country have been asked to deliver a certain
fraction of specific components of the detector systems, ranging from a modest
(but critical!) scope, such as the fabrication of the C-fibre cylinders for the
barrel semi-conductor tracker in ATLAS, to a very large (and very visible to
the whole collaboration!) scope, such as the CMS crystal production in several
commercial companies, or as the ATLAS super-conducting solenoid built in
Japanese industry, in close collaboration with institutes from the same country,
which are full-fledged members of the collaboration.
This concept has certainly maximised the overall funding received by ATLAS
and CMS, because each funding agency has to a certain extent been asked and
has agreed to take responsibility for the delivery of certain detector components
without assigning to these a specific cost, since the real costs vary from country to
country, and even the ratios of costs between different countries inevitably vary,
because of the approximately uniform costs of raw materials as compared to the
wildly differing costs of skilled and unskilled labour. Since the infrastructure
of the experiments is a mixture of low and high technology components, most
participating countries have in the end been able to contribute efficiently in kind
to the common projects of interest to the whole collaboration.
• the scheme based on deliverables rather than raw funding could not have worked
however without being completed by a sizable set of common projects, to which
the funding agencies had to contribute, either through funds to be handled
by the management of the experiments, either through in-kind contributions,
the cost of which was determined in the context of the same scheme as for
the deliverables. Examples of these common projects are the magnets of both
experiments, the LAr cryostats and cryogenics of ATLAS, and much of the less
high-tech infrastructure components of both experiments.
• finally, the computing operations of the experiments and the analysis of the
data taken over the next 10 years do and will require a very distributed and
international style of working also. This is not really new to our community,
it is just of an unprecedented scale in size and duration. The collaborations are
evolving now from an organisational model focussed initially on research and
development and then on construction to a new model, which is focussed more on