9 Nuclear Emulsions
433
than 80 ◦ , as shown in the right plot of Fig. 9.35. The momentum was also measured
through the particle range as reported in [188].
The FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) experiment [189] is designed to study
target and projectile fragmentation processes. Target nuclei ( 16 O, 12 C) fragmentation
induced by 150–250 MeV proton beams will be studied via the inverse kinematic
approach. The detector includes a magnetic spectrometer based on silicon pixel
detectors and drift chambers, a scintillating crystal calorimeter with TOF capabilities, thick enough to stop the heavier fragments produced, and a E detector
based on scintillating bars to achieve the needed energy resolution and particle
identification. An alternative setup of the experiment will exploit the emulsion
chamber capabilities. Dedicated emulsion chambers will be coupled with the
interaction region to measure the interaction vertices within the target, tag the
produced light charged fragments such as protons, deuterium, tritium and Helium
nuclei, and measure their angular and momentum spectra. Given the very good
identification capability of the emulsion technology for low Z fragments, the results
from the emulsion chamber detectors are expected to be of particular interest also
for the radio-protection in the space where Helium is relevant. The FOOT data
taking is foreseen at the CNAO centre in Pavia starting from 2018 with the emulsion
setup, while the electronic detectors will start data taking in 2019. Data taking in the
major European laboratories such as HIT at Heidelberg and GSI at Darmstadt is also
foreseen.
References
1. Tadaaki Tani, Photographic Science, Advances in Nanoparticles, J-Aggregates, Dye Sensitization, and Organic Devices, Oxford University Press (2011), ISBN: 9780199572953.
2. T. Nakamura et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A556 (2006) 80.
3. C. Amsler et al., JINST 8 (2013) P02015.
4. P.H. Fowler, D.H. Perkins and C.F. Powell, The study of elementary particles by the
photographic method, Pergamon Press (1959).
5. W.H. Barkas, Nuclear research emulsion, Academic Press, New York, 1973.
6. H. Becquerel, C.R. Academy of Science, 122 (1896) 501 and 122 (1896) 1086.
7. S. Kinoshita, Proc. Royal Society (London) 83A (1910) 432.
8. C.F. Powell, G.P.S. Occhialini, D.L. Livesey and L.V. Chilton, Journal of Sci. Instrum. 23
(1946) 102.
9. M. Blau and J. A. De Felice, Phys. Rev. 74 (1948) 1198.
10. H. Yagoda, Phys. Rev. 79 (1950) 207.
11. P. Demers, Sci. and Indust. Phot. 23 (1952) 1.
12. B. Stiller, M. M. Shapiro and P.W. O’Dell, Rev. Sci. Instr. 25 (1954) 340.
13. C.F. Powell, Phil. Mag. 44 (1953) 219.
14. C.M.G. Lattes, H. Muirhead, G.P.S. Occhialini and C.F. Powell, Nature 159 (1947) 694.
15. C.M.G. Lattes, G.P.S. Occhialini and C.F. Powell, Nature 160 (1947) 453.
16. C.M.G. Lattes, G.P.S. Occhialini and C.F. Powell, Nature 160 (1947) 486.
17. W.F. Fry, J. Schneps, and M.S. Swami, Phys. Rev. 103 (1956) 1904–1905;
S. Lokanathan, D.K. Robinson and S.J. St Lorant, Proc. of the Royal Society of London, Series
A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 254, No. 1279 (1960) 470.
433
than 80 ◦ , as shown in the right plot of Fig. 9.35. The momentum was also measured
through the particle range as reported in [188].
The FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) experiment [189] is designed to study
target and projectile fragmentation processes. Target nuclei ( 16 O, 12 C) fragmentation
induced by 150–250 MeV proton beams will be studied via the inverse kinematic
approach. The detector includes a magnetic spectrometer based on silicon pixel
detectors and drift chambers, a scintillating crystal calorimeter with TOF capabilities, thick enough to stop the heavier fragments produced, and a E detector
based on scintillating bars to achieve the needed energy resolution and particle
identification. An alternative setup of the experiment will exploit the emulsion
chamber capabilities. Dedicated emulsion chambers will be coupled with the
interaction region to measure the interaction vertices within the target, tag the
produced light charged fragments such as protons, deuterium, tritium and Helium
nuclei, and measure their angular and momentum spectra. Given the very good
identification capability of the emulsion technology for low Z fragments, the results
from the emulsion chamber detectors are expected to be of particular interest also
for the radio-protection in the space where Helium is relevant. The FOOT data
taking is foreseen at the CNAO centre in Pavia starting from 2018 with the emulsion
setup, while the electronic detectors will start data taking in 2019. Data taking in the
major European laboratories such as HIT at Heidelberg and GSI at Darmstadt is also
foreseen.
References
1. Tadaaki Tani, Photographic Science, Advances in Nanoparticles, J-Aggregates, Dye Sensitization, and Organic Devices, Oxford University Press (2011), ISBN: 9780199572953.
2. T. Nakamura et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A556 (2006) 80.
3. C. Amsler et al., JINST 8 (2013) P02015.
4. P.H. Fowler, D.H. Perkins and C.F. Powell, The study of elementary particles by the
photographic method, Pergamon Press (1959).
5. W.H. Barkas, Nuclear research emulsion, Academic Press, New York, 1973.
6. H. Becquerel, C.R. Academy of Science, 122 (1896) 501 and 122 (1896) 1086.
7. S. Kinoshita, Proc. Royal Society (London) 83A (1910) 432.
8. C.F. Powell, G.P.S. Occhialini, D.L. Livesey and L.V. Chilton, Journal of Sci. Instrum. 23
(1946) 102.
9. M. Blau and J. A. De Felice, Phys. Rev. 74 (1948) 1198.
10. H. Yagoda, Phys. Rev. 79 (1950) 207.
11. P. Demers, Sci. and Indust. Phot. 23 (1952) 1.
12. B. Stiller, M. M. Shapiro and P.W. O’Dell, Rev. Sci. Instr. 25 (1954) 340.
13. C.F. Powell, Phil. Mag. 44 (1953) 219.
14. C.M.G. Lattes, H. Muirhead, G.P.S. Occhialini and C.F. Powell, Nature 159 (1947) 694.
15. C.M.G. Lattes, G.P.S. Occhialini and C.F. Powell, Nature 160 (1947) 453.
16. C.M.G. Lattes, G.P.S. Occhialini and C.F. Powell, Nature 160 (1947) 486.
17. W.F. Fry, J. Schneps, and M.S. Swami, Phys. Rev. 103 (1956) 1904–1905;
S. Lokanathan, D.K. Robinson and S.J. St Lorant, Proc. of the Royal Society of London, Series
A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 254, No. 1279 (1960) 470.