786
M. Dohlus et al.
linear driver accelerator (5 mA/40 MeV deuterons, 5 mA/33 MeV protons, and
1 mA/14.5 MeV/u heavy ions with q/A = 1/3), a dedicated building for the
production of radioactive isotopes (RI), the existing cyclotron CIME for the reacceleration, and new experimental facilities. The high power deuteron beam is
directed on a carbon converter target, producing fast neutrons. The main process
for the production of the RI is based on the fast neutron induced fission in
uranium carbide targets. Figure 11.60 (left) [285] shows an overview of the GANILSPIRAL2 facility [287, 289].
The new linac is composed of two families of 88 MHz superconducting QWR
(β = 0.07, β = 0.12), which permits the acceleration of the different ions and energies mentioned before. The basic principle of this design is to install the resonators
in separate cryomodules (one QWR per cryomodule in the β = 0.07 section and
two QWR per cryomodule in the β = 0.12 section). Between each cryomodule
beam focusing is performed by means of 2 room temperature quadrupoles with
short vacuum/diagnostics boxes in between to allow for flexible beam optics and
tuning.
Phase 1 of SPIRAL2 includes construction of buildings, which started in 2011,
installation of the driver linac, the high energy beam lines and first experimental
equipment in 2012. Proton beams were accelerated in the RFQ in 2015. The phase
2 contains the radioactive isotope production cave, low energy experiments for RIB
and the connection to GANIL/SPIRAL1 facilities. Construction is expected to start
in 2014. As a long term option a heavy ion source with q/A = 1/6 will be added to
the linac. It will accelerate heavy ions up to 8.5 MeV/u.
Other ISOL-Facilities
There is a number of additional accelerator facilities used for the production
of radioactive isotopes with the ISOL method building on different accelerator
combinations and using different production methods. Spontaneous fission products
from californium are used as radioactive isotope source in the frame of the CARIBU
project at Argonne, in order to reach new areas of the nuclide chart, and accelerated
in the superconducting linac ATLAS [290]. Upgrades are going on at existing ISOL
facilities as for example at the ISOLDE facility at CERN [291]. In the frame of
this article it is not possible to address more. Therefore, it is again referred to the
compendium of nuclear physics facilities included in the IUPAP Report 41 [157]
and in the NuPECC Long Range Plan 2010 [214].
11.5.2.3.3 Conclusions
Since about 20 years there is a growing worldwide demand for in-flight and in ISOL
facilities for the production of radioactive isotopes. Developments in the fields of
ion sources and superconducting accelerator technologies have facilitated access of
many nuclear physics laboratories to exotic beams. The new facilities will further
increase the production rates and the measurement precision for exotic ions.
M. Dohlus et al.
linear driver accelerator (5 mA/40 MeV deuterons, 5 mA/33 MeV protons, and
1 mA/14.5 MeV/u heavy ions with q/A = 1/3), a dedicated building for the
production of radioactive isotopes (RI), the existing cyclotron CIME for the reacceleration, and new experimental facilities. The high power deuteron beam is
directed on a carbon converter target, producing fast neutrons. The main process
for the production of the RI is based on the fast neutron induced fission in
uranium carbide targets. Figure 11.60 (left) [285] shows an overview of the GANILSPIRAL2 facility [287, 289].
The new linac is composed of two families of 88 MHz superconducting QWR
(β = 0.07, β = 0.12), which permits the acceleration of the different ions and energies mentioned before. The basic principle of this design is to install the resonators
in separate cryomodules (one QWR per cryomodule in the β = 0.07 section and
two QWR per cryomodule in the β = 0.12 section). Between each cryomodule
beam focusing is performed by means of 2 room temperature quadrupoles with
short vacuum/diagnostics boxes in between to allow for flexible beam optics and
tuning.
Phase 1 of SPIRAL2 includes construction of buildings, which started in 2011,
installation of the driver linac, the high energy beam lines and first experimental
equipment in 2012. Proton beams were accelerated in the RFQ in 2015. The phase
2 contains the radioactive isotope production cave, low energy experiments for RIB
and the connection to GANIL/SPIRAL1 facilities. Construction is expected to start
in 2014. As a long term option a heavy ion source with q/A = 1/6 will be added to
the linac. It will accelerate heavy ions up to 8.5 MeV/u.
Other ISOL-Facilities
There is a number of additional accelerator facilities used for the production
of radioactive isotopes with the ISOL method building on different accelerator
combinations and using different production methods. Spontaneous fission products
from californium are used as radioactive isotope source in the frame of the CARIBU
project at Argonne, in order to reach new areas of the nuclide chart, and accelerated
in the superconducting linac ATLAS [290]. Upgrades are going on at existing ISOL
facilities as for example at the ISOLDE facility at CERN [291]. In the frame of
this article it is not possible to address more. Therefore, it is again referred to the
compendium of nuclear physics facilities included in the IUPAP Report 41 [157]
and in the NuPECC Long Range Plan 2010 [214].
11.5.2.3.3 Conclusions
Since about 20 years there is a growing worldwide demand for in-flight and in ISOL
facilities for the production of radioactive isotopes. Developments in the fields of
ion sources and superconducting accelerator technologies have facilitated access of
many nuclear physics laboratories to exotic beams. The new facilities will further
increase the production rates and the measurement precision for exotic ions.