11 Application of Accelerators and Storage Rings
761
Fig. 11.40 Spectrum of uranium charge states from the LBL VENUS in the high-current mode.
[Copyright ©, D. Leitner, S. Caspi, P. Ferracin, C.M. Lyneis, S. Prestemon, G. Sabbi, D. Todd, F.
Trillaud, HIAT’09, Venice, Italy, WE-10 jacow.org (2009)]
Fig. 11.41 The evolution of beam energies vs. element mass at the 88-in. (K = 140) cyclotron at
LBL from the mid-1980s, using the best Penning ion sources, up to the present using the thirdgeneration superconducting ECRIS of the VENUS type. [Courtesy of LBL Berkeley, C.M. Lyneis]
expand the mass range, for which energies of more than 5 MeV/u can be provided,
from argon (A = 40) in the 1980s using Penning ion sources to medium-mass ions
(xenon) using the normal conducting AECR-U ion source, and finally to uranium
(A = 238) using the superconducting VENUS (Fig. 11.41) [183]. There are many
cyclotrons worldwide with K ≥ 100, which can take advantage of the high chargestates delivered by the ECRIS to reach beam energies in order to perform nuclear
physics experiments with heavy ions.
761
Fig. 11.40 Spectrum of uranium charge states from the LBL VENUS in the high-current mode.
[Copyright ©, D. Leitner, S. Caspi, P. Ferracin, C.M. Lyneis, S. Prestemon, G. Sabbi, D. Todd, F.
Trillaud, HIAT’09, Venice, Italy, WE-10 jacow.org (2009)]
Fig. 11.41 The evolution of beam energies vs. element mass at the 88-in. (K = 140) cyclotron at
LBL from the mid-1980s, using the best Penning ion sources, up to the present using the thirdgeneration superconducting ECRIS of the VENUS type. [Courtesy of LBL Berkeley, C.M. Lyneis]
expand the mass range, for which energies of more than 5 MeV/u can be provided,
from argon (A = 40) in the 1980s using Penning ion sources to medium-mass ions
(xenon) using the normal conducting AECR-U ion source, and finally to uranium
(A = 238) using the superconducting VENUS (Fig. 11.41) [183]. There are many
cyclotrons worldwide with K ≥ 100, which can take advantage of the high chargestates delivered by the ECRIS to reach beam energies in order to perform nuclear
physics experiments with heavy ions.