11 Application of Accelerators and Storage Rings
759
drawback when beams from expensive isotope-enriched materials were needed in
super-heavy element research.
For the production of short-pulsed high-charge-state beams of light ions Laser
Ion Sources (LIS) were used, for purposes such as injection into the Synchrophasotron in Dubna beginning in the mid-1970s; now they are used for injection into
the Nuclotron [161]. Pulsed Electron Beam Ion Sources (EBIS) were used there for
medium-mass ion beams up to krypton [162]. Both low duty cycle ion source types
(LIS and superconducting EBIS) are now in use at the Nucletron based collider
facility NICA for high charge state light and heavy ions, respectively [163]. A
powerful superconducting EBIS is delivering intense beam pulses of highly charged
heavy ions up to uranium for the RHIC injector at BNL [164, 165]. EBIS-type
devices are also used as charge breeders at various ISOL facilities [166].
The most influential development on the field of heavy ion sources has been
the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS), which has replaced the
Penning type ion sources at most heavy ion accelerators over the years and
has substantially increased the capabilities of cyclotron-, linac-, and synchrotronfacilities for research on the field of nuclear physics over the last decades. The
ECRIS concept evolved from plasma devices for fusion research and has been
investigated as a source for highly charged ions at several laboratories, such as
Grenoble, Jülich, Karlsruhe, Louvin-la-Neuve, Marburg, and Oak Ridge since
the 1970s. In the ECR ion source, a plasma-confining magnetic configuration is
generated by the superposition of an axial solenoid mirror and a radial hexapole
field. Energetic electrons are generated for the ionization process using electron
cyclotron heating by GHz microwaves in magnet field regions which meet the
electron-cyclotron-resonance condition for the plasma electrons.
R. Geller’s group in Grenoble developed this device by introducing hexapole
magnets to improve ion confinement to a compact efficient generator for highly
charged ions (Minimafios) [167, 168]. An ECRIS was used for the first time at an
accelerator for ion injection in CYCLONE at Louvain-la-Neuve begin of the 1980s
[169]. The first ECRIS used at a large-scale accelerator was installed at the CERN
facility. An ECRIS, operated with a 10 GHz klystron, delivered 40 μA oxygen 6+ in
pulsed mode for injection into the CERN PSB-PS-SPS complex in the mid-1980s
[167]. Other accelerator laboratories followed CERN’s lead. Figure 11.39 shows
LBL’s superconducting Versatile ECR ion source for NUclear Science (VENUS),
as an example of the third generation of ECR ion sources which are used at various
laboratories today [170]. These third generation ECR sources, such as SECRAL and
SECRALII at IMP (Lanzhou) [171], SuSI at NSCL/MSU (East Lansing) [172], the
RIKEN-SCECR at Nishina-Center (Wako) [173], and the KBSI-SCECR for RAON
(Deajeon) [174], are essential for the capabilities of existing and next generation
heavy ion accelerator facilities for Nuclear Physics.
Third-generation ECRIS devices with superconducting magnets and operated
with microwave generators for electron heating up to 28 GHz are the standard
now. Developments in the various laboratories and operating experience over many
years have led to steady improvements of performance. These ion sources can
deliver now beams of several mA of oxygen 6+. Record beam currents of more
759
drawback when beams from expensive isotope-enriched materials were needed in
super-heavy element research.
For the production of short-pulsed high-charge-state beams of light ions Laser
Ion Sources (LIS) were used, for purposes such as injection into the Synchrophasotron in Dubna beginning in the mid-1970s; now they are used for injection into
the Nuclotron [161]. Pulsed Electron Beam Ion Sources (EBIS) were used there for
medium-mass ion beams up to krypton [162]. Both low duty cycle ion source types
(LIS and superconducting EBIS) are now in use at the Nucletron based collider
facility NICA for high charge state light and heavy ions, respectively [163]. A
powerful superconducting EBIS is delivering intense beam pulses of highly charged
heavy ions up to uranium for the RHIC injector at BNL [164, 165]. EBIS-type
devices are also used as charge breeders at various ISOL facilities [166].
The most influential development on the field of heavy ion sources has been
the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS), which has replaced the
Penning type ion sources at most heavy ion accelerators over the years and
has substantially increased the capabilities of cyclotron-, linac-, and synchrotronfacilities for research on the field of nuclear physics over the last decades. The
ECRIS concept evolved from plasma devices for fusion research and has been
investigated as a source for highly charged ions at several laboratories, such as
Grenoble, Jülich, Karlsruhe, Louvin-la-Neuve, Marburg, and Oak Ridge since
the 1970s. In the ECR ion source, a plasma-confining magnetic configuration is
generated by the superposition of an axial solenoid mirror and a radial hexapole
field. Energetic electrons are generated for the ionization process using electron
cyclotron heating by GHz microwaves in magnet field regions which meet the
electron-cyclotron-resonance condition for the plasma electrons.
R. Geller’s group in Grenoble developed this device by introducing hexapole
magnets to improve ion confinement to a compact efficient generator for highly
charged ions (Minimafios) [167, 168]. An ECRIS was used for the first time at an
accelerator for ion injection in CYCLONE at Louvain-la-Neuve begin of the 1980s
[169]. The first ECRIS used at a large-scale accelerator was installed at the CERN
facility. An ECRIS, operated with a 10 GHz klystron, delivered 40 μA oxygen 6+ in
pulsed mode for injection into the CERN PSB-PS-SPS complex in the mid-1980s
[167]. Other accelerator laboratories followed CERN’s lead. Figure 11.39 shows
LBL’s superconducting Versatile ECR ion source for NUclear Science (VENUS),
as an example of the third generation of ECR ion sources which are used at various
laboratories today [170]. These third generation ECR sources, such as SECRAL and
SECRALII at IMP (Lanzhou) [171], SuSI at NSCL/MSU (East Lansing) [172], the
RIKEN-SCECR at Nishina-Center (Wako) [173], and the KBSI-SCECR for RAON
(Deajeon) [174], are essential for the capabilities of existing and next generation
heavy ion accelerator facilities for Nuclear Physics.
Third-generation ECRIS devices with superconducting magnets and operated
with microwave generators for electron heating up to 28 GHz are the standard
now. Developments in the various laboratories and operating experience over many
years have led to steady improvements of performance. These ion sources can
deliver now beams of several mA of oxygen 6+. Record beam currents of more