6 Design and Principles of Synchrotrons and Circular Colliders
245
Different classes of codes are used in these fields which also resemble the life
cycle of an accelerator.
Given the scope of this handbook and the rapid evolution of computer codes and
software techniques, we do not attempt to provide a list of existing codes, but rather
will describe the main features, techniques and applications of the different types of
codes. Details and access to existing codes can be found in computer code libraries
on the internet. A supported library is provided by the Los Alamos Accelerator Code
Group (LAACG) [51], another one supported by Astec (UK) [52]. It contains links
to popular and frequently used codes from many laboratories and institutions.
6.6.2 Classes of Beam Dynamics Codes
The different classes of codes can be divided according to their application:
• General purpose optics codes
• Beam dynamics of single particles
• Beam dynamics of multi particles
Optics codes are used mainly in the initial design phase of an accelerator, rings
as well as beam lines and linear accelerators. The evaluation of the performance
(stability etc.) is done using codes to simulate the beam dynamics of single particles
as well as ensembles of particles and their interaction with the environment or other
particles in the beam(s).
6.6.3 Optics Codes
A large group of computer codes for beam dynamics are used to design the lattice
of an accelerator or beam line and to compute and optimize the optical parameters.
The range of available codes extends from small codes for pedagogical purpose to
large general purpose programs. Such codes can have easily 100,000 lines of codes
or more. The accelerator physics is described in the existing literature [53] and in
this handbook. The main applications of general purpose optics codes are:
• Determination of main parameters and the computation of linear and non-linear
optics. This implies to find periodic solutions for the optical parameters and the
closed orbit.
• Parameter matching (optical/geometrical) and lattice optimization, i.e. the properties of elements are varied until the optical functions assume their desired
values.
• Simulation of imperfections and algorithms for their corrections.
• Simulation of synchrotron radiation and evaluation of radiation integrals to derive
estimates for parameters (e.g. equilibrium emittances) in lepton machines.
245
Different classes of codes are used in these fields which also resemble the life
cycle of an accelerator.
Given the scope of this handbook and the rapid evolution of computer codes and
software techniques, we do not attempt to provide a list of existing codes, but rather
will describe the main features, techniques and applications of the different types of
codes. Details and access to existing codes can be found in computer code libraries
on the internet. A supported library is provided by the Los Alamos Accelerator Code
Group (LAACG) [51], another one supported by Astec (UK) [52]. It contains links
to popular and frequently used codes from many laboratories and institutions.
6.6.2 Classes of Beam Dynamics Codes
The different classes of codes can be divided according to their application:
• General purpose optics codes
• Beam dynamics of single particles
• Beam dynamics of multi particles
Optics codes are used mainly in the initial design phase of an accelerator, rings
as well as beam lines and linear accelerators. The evaluation of the performance
(stability etc.) is done using codes to simulate the beam dynamics of single particles
as well as ensembles of particles and their interaction with the environment or other
particles in the beam(s).
6.6.3 Optics Codes
A large group of computer codes for beam dynamics are used to design the lattice
of an accelerator or beam line and to compute and optimize the optical parameters.
The range of available codes extends from small codes for pedagogical purpose to
large general purpose programs. Such codes can have easily 100,000 lines of codes
or more. The accelerator physics is described in the existing literature [53] and in
this handbook. The main applications of general purpose optics codes are:
• Determination of main parameters and the computation of linear and non-linear
optics. This implies to find periodic solutions for the optical parameters and the
closed orbit.
• Parameter matching (optical/geometrical) and lattice optimization, i.e. the properties of elements are varied until the optical functions assume their desired
values.
• Simulation of imperfections and algorithms for their corrections.
• Simulation of synchrotron radiation and evaluation of radiation integrals to derive
estimates for parameters (e.g. equilibrium emittances) in lepton machines.