202
M. Brugger et al.
occupancy, but the currents drawn in the gas-chambers were reported to be not too
far from the tolerable limit. The experience gained with LEP has been essential for
the design studies for a possible future circular lepton collider at CERN [23, 25].
References
1. G. Battistoni et al., Overview of the FLUKA code, Annals of Nuclear Energy 82 (2015) 10–18.
2. T.T. Bohlen et al., The FLUKA Code: Developments and Challenges for High Energy and
Medical Applications, Nuclear Data Sheets 120 (2014) 211–214.
3. S. Agostinelli et al., GEANT4-A simulation toolkit, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in
Physics Research A 506 (2003) 250–303.
4. J. Allison et al., Recent developments in GEANT4, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics
Research A 835 (2016) 186–225.
5. N.V. Mokhov and C.C.James, The MARS Code System User’s Guide, Version 15, (2016),
https://mars.fnal.gov
6. N.V. Mokhov and S.I. Striganov, MARS15 Overview, Proceedings of the Hadronic Shower
Simulation Workshop 2006, Fermilab 6–8 September 2006, M. Albrow, R. Raja eds., AIP
Conference Proceeding 896 (2007).
7. C.J. Werner ed., MCNP User’s Manual, Version 6.2, Los Alamos National Laboratory report,
LA-UR-17-29981 (2017).
8. T. Sato et al., Features of Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) version 3.02,
J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 55 (2018) 684–690.
9. Y. Iwamoto et al., Benchmark study of the recent version of the PHITS code, J. Nucl. Sci.
Technol. 54 (2017) 617–635.
10. A. Lechner et al., Validation of energy deposition simulations for proton and heavy ion losses
in the CERN Large Hadron Collider, submitted to Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
(2019), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.22.071003.
11. A. Peters, H. Schmickler, K. Witternburg (Editors), “Proceedings of Workshop on DC Current
Transformers and Beam-Lifetime Evaluations, Lyon 2004”, CARE-Note-2004-023-HHH
12. H. Burkhardt, “Beam Lifetime and Beam Tails in LEP”, Proc. e + e − factories, KEK 1999,
CERN-SL-99-061-AP (1999)
13. Y.-S. Tsai, “Pair production and Bremsstrahlung of charged leptons,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 46
(1974) 815–851.
14. J. Letaw, R. Silberberg, and C. Tsao, “Proton-nucleus inelastic cross sections: an empirical
formula for E>10 MeV”, The Astrophys. Journ.Suppl.Ser. 51, (1983), pp 271–276
15. V. I. Telnov, “Scattering of electrons on thermal radiation photons in electron - positron storage
rings”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A260 (1987) 304,
16. H. Burkhardt, “Monte Carlo Simulation of Beam Particles and Thermal Photons”, July, 1993.
CERN SL Note 93-73 (OP).
17. I. Agapov, H. Burkhardt, D. Schulte, A. Latina, G. A. Blair, S. Malton, and J. Resta-López,
“Tracking studies of the Compact Linear Collider collimation system,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel.
Beams 12 (Aug, 2009) 081001. 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.12.081001
18. H. Burkhardt, G. A. Blair, and L. Deacon, “Muon Backgrounds in CLIC”, Proc. IPAC 2010
19. E. Keil, “Synchrotron Radiation from a Large electron-Positron Storage Ring”, CERN-ISRLTD-76-23, June 1976
20. G. von Holtey, A. Ball, et al., “Study of beam-induced particle backgrounds at the LEP
detectors”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A403 (1998) 205–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/S01689002(97)01094-2.
M. Brugger et al.
occupancy, but the currents drawn in the gas-chambers were reported to be not too
far from the tolerable limit. The experience gained with LEP has been essential for
the design studies for a possible future circular lepton collider at CERN [23, 25].
References
1. G. Battistoni et al., Overview of the FLUKA code, Annals of Nuclear Energy 82 (2015) 10–18.
2. T.T. Bohlen et al., The FLUKA Code: Developments and Challenges for High Energy and
Medical Applications, Nuclear Data Sheets 120 (2014) 211–214.
3. S. Agostinelli et al., GEANT4-A simulation toolkit, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in
Physics Research A 506 (2003) 250–303.
4. J. Allison et al., Recent developments in GEANT4, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics
Research A 835 (2016) 186–225.
5. N.V. Mokhov and C.C.James, The MARS Code System User’s Guide, Version 15, (2016),
https://mars.fnal.gov
6. N.V. Mokhov and S.I. Striganov, MARS15 Overview, Proceedings of the Hadronic Shower
Simulation Workshop 2006, Fermilab 6–8 September 2006, M. Albrow, R. Raja eds., AIP
Conference Proceeding 896 (2007).
7. C.J. Werner ed., MCNP User’s Manual, Version 6.2, Los Alamos National Laboratory report,
LA-UR-17-29981 (2017).
8. T. Sato et al., Features of Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) version 3.02,
J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 55 (2018) 684–690.
9. Y. Iwamoto et al., Benchmark study of the recent version of the PHITS code, J. Nucl. Sci.
Technol. 54 (2017) 617–635.
10. A. Lechner et al., Validation of energy deposition simulations for proton and heavy ion losses
in the CERN Large Hadron Collider, submitted to Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
(2019), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.22.071003.
11. A. Peters, H. Schmickler, K. Witternburg (Editors), “Proceedings of Workshop on DC Current
Transformers and Beam-Lifetime Evaluations, Lyon 2004”, CARE-Note-2004-023-HHH
12. H. Burkhardt, “Beam Lifetime and Beam Tails in LEP”, Proc. e + e − factories, KEK 1999,
CERN-SL-99-061-AP (1999)
13. Y.-S. Tsai, “Pair production and Bremsstrahlung of charged leptons,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 46
(1974) 815–851.
14. J. Letaw, R. Silberberg, and C. Tsao, “Proton-nucleus inelastic cross sections: an empirical
formula for E>10 MeV”, The Astrophys. Journ.Suppl.Ser. 51, (1983), pp 271–276
15. V. I. Telnov, “Scattering of electrons on thermal radiation photons in electron - positron storage
rings”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A260 (1987) 304,
16. H. Burkhardt, “Monte Carlo Simulation of Beam Particles and Thermal Photons”, July, 1993.
CERN SL Note 93-73 (OP).
17. I. Agapov, H. Burkhardt, D. Schulte, A. Latina, G. A. Blair, S. Malton, and J. Resta-López,
“Tracking studies of the Compact Linear Collider collimation system,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel.
Beams 12 (Aug, 2009) 081001. 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.12.081001
18. H. Burkhardt, G. A. Blair, and L. Deacon, “Muon Backgrounds in CLIC”, Proc. IPAC 2010
19. E. Keil, “Synchrotron Radiation from a Large electron-Positron Storage Ring”, CERN-ISRLTD-76-23, June 1976
20. G. von Holtey, A. Ball, et al., “Study of beam-induced particle backgrounds at the LEP
detectors”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A403 (1998) 205–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/S01689002(97)01094-2.