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134. H. Ding, S.-B. Yu, J.-S. Wei, H.-M. Xiong, Full-color light-emitting carbon dots with a
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135. X.M. Wen, P. Yu, Y.R. Toh, X.T. Hao, J. Tang, Intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence in carbon
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136. S. Zhu, Y. Song, X. Zhao, J. Shao, J. Zhang, B. Yang, The photoluminescence mechanism in
carbon dots (graphene quantum dots, carbon nanodots and polymer dots): Current state and
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137. G. Yang, C. Wu, X. Luo, X. Liu, Y. Gao, P. Wu, C. Cai, S.S. Saavedra, Exploring the emissive
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139. T.A. Wesolowski, Hydrogen-bonding-induced shifts of the excitation energies in nucleic acid
bases: An interplay between electrostatic and electron density overlap effects. J. Am. Chem.
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141. M.A. Sk, A. Ananthanarayanan, L. Huang, K.H. Lim, P. Chen, Revealing the tunable
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142. S. Kim, S.W. Hwang, M.-K. Kim, D.Y. Shin, D.H. Shin, C.O. Kim, S.B. Yang, J.H. Park,
E. Hwang, S.-H. Choi, G. Ko, S. Sim, C. Sone, H.J. Choi, S. Bae, B.H. Hong, Anomalous
behaviors of visible luminescence from graphene quantum dots: Interplay between size and
shape. ACS Nano 6, 8203–8208 (2012)
143. S.H. Jin, D.H. Kim, G.H. Jun, S.H. Hong, S. Jeon, Tuning the photoluminescence of graphene
quantum dots through the charge transfer effect of functional groups. ACS Nano 7, 1239–1245
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144. B. Zhu, S. Sun, Y. Wang, S. Deng, G. Qian, M. Wang, A. Hu, Preparation of carbon
nanodots from single chain polymeric nanoparticles and theoretical investigation of the
photoluminescence mechanism. J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 580–586 (2013)
145. K. Hola, A.B. Bourlinos, O. Kozak, K. Berka, K.M. Siskova, M. Havrdova, J. Tucek, K.
Safarova, M. Otyepka, E.P. Giannelis, R. Zboril, Photoluminescence effects of graphitic core
size and surface functional groups in carbon dots: COO − induced red-shift emission. Carbon
70, 279–286 (2014)
146. W. Kwon, S. Do, J.-H. Kim, M.S. Jeong, S.-W. Rhee, Control of photoluminescence of carbon
nanodots via surface functionalization using para-substituted anilines. Sci. Rep. 5, 12604
(2015)
147. K. Hola, M. Sudolska, S. Kalytchuk, D. Nachtigallova, A.L. Rogach, M. Otyepka, R. Zboril,
Graphitic nitrogen triggers red fluorescence in carbon dots. ACS Nano 11, 12402–12410
(2017)
148. Q. Xu, Y. Liu, R. Su, L. Cai, B. Li, Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, N. Li, X. Gong,
Z. Gu, Y. Chen, Y. Tan, C. Dong, T.S. Sreeprasad, Highly fluorescent Zn-doped carbon dots
as Fenton reaction-based bio-sensors: An integrative experimental–theoretical consideration.
Nanoscale 8, 17919–17927 (2016)
149. Y. Dong, J. Cai, X. You, Y. Chi, Sensing applications of luminescent carbon based dots.
Analyst 140, 7468–7486 (2015)
150. H. Sun, L. Wu, W. Wei, X. Qu, Recent advances in graphene quantum dots for sensing. Mater.
Today 16, 433–442 (2016)
P. Veerakumar et al.
132. N. Dhenadhayalan, K.-C. Lin, R. Suresh, P. Ramamurthy, Unravelling the multiple emissive
states in citric-acid-derived carbon dots. J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 1252–1261 (2016)
133. L. Wang, S.-J. Zhu, H.-Y. Wang, S.-N. Qu, Y.-L. Zhang, J.-H. Zhang, Q.-D. Chen, H.-L. Xu,
W. Han, B. Yang, H.-B. Sun, Common origin of green luminescence in carbon nanodots and
graphene quantum dots. ACS Nano 8, 2541–2547 (2014)
134. H. Ding, S.-B. Yu, J.-S. Wei, H.-M. Xiong, Full-color light-emitting carbon dots with a
surface-state-controlled luminescence mechanism. ACS Nano 10, 484–491 (2016)
135. X.M. Wen, P. Yu, Y.R. Toh, X.T. Hao, J. Tang, Intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence in carbon
nanodots: Ultrafast time-resolved fluorescence and carrier dynamics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 1, 173–
178 (2013)
136. S. Zhu, Y. Song, X. Zhao, J. Shao, J. Zhang, B. Yang, The photoluminescence mechanism in
carbon dots (graphene quantum dots, carbon nanodots and polymer dots): Current state and
future perspective. Nano Res. 8, 355–381 (2015)
137. G. Yang, C. Wu, X. Luo, X. Liu, Y. Gao, P. Wu, C. Cai, S.S. Saavedra, Exploring the emissive
states of heteroatom-doped graphene quantum dots. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 6483–6492 (2018)
138. M.E. Casida, T.A. Wesolowski, Generalization of the Kohn–Sham equations with constrained
electron density formalism and its time-dependent response theory formulation. Int. J.
Quantum Chem. 96, 577 (2004)
139. T.A. Wesolowski, Hydrogen-bonding-induced shifts of the excitation energies in nucleic acid
bases: An interplay between electrostatic and electron density overlap effects. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 126, 11444 (2004)
140. J. Neugebauer, On the calculation of general response properties in subsystem density
functional theory. J. Chem. Phys. 131, 084104 (2009)
141. M.A. Sk, A. Ananthanarayanan, L. Huang, K.H. Lim, P. Chen, Revealing the tunable
photoluminescence properties of graphene quantum dots. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 6954–6960
(2014)
142. S. Kim, S.W. Hwang, M.-K. Kim, D.Y. Shin, D.H. Shin, C.O. Kim, S.B. Yang, J.H. Park,
E. Hwang, S.-H. Choi, G. Ko, S. Sim, C. Sone, H.J. Choi, S. Bae, B.H. Hong, Anomalous
behaviors of visible luminescence from graphene quantum dots: Interplay between size and
shape. ACS Nano 6, 8203–8208 (2012)
143. S.H. Jin, D.H. Kim, G.H. Jun, S.H. Hong, S. Jeon, Tuning the photoluminescence of graphene
quantum dots through the charge transfer effect of functional groups. ACS Nano 7, 1239–1245
(2013)
144. B. Zhu, S. Sun, Y. Wang, S. Deng, G. Qian, M. Wang, A. Hu, Preparation of carbon
nanodots from single chain polymeric nanoparticles and theoretical investigation of the
photoluminescence mechanism. J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 580–586 (2013)
145. K. Hola, A.B. Bourlinos, O. Kozak, K. Berka, K.M. Siskova, M. Havrdova, J. Tucek, K.
Safarova, M. Otyepka, E.P. Giannelis, R. Zboril, Photoluminescence effects of graphitic core
size and surface functional groups in carbon dots: COO − induced red-shift emission. Carbon
70, 279–286 (2014)
146. W. Kwon, S. Do, J.-H. Kim, M.S. Jeong, S.-W. Rhee, Control of photoluminescence of carbon
nanodots via surface functionalization using para-substituted anilines. Sci. Rep. 5, 12604
(2015)
147. K. Hola, M. Sudolska, S. Kalytchuk, D. Nachtigallova, A.L. Rogach, M. Otyepka, R. Zboril,
Graphitic nitrogen triggers red fluorescence in carbon dots. ACS Nano 11, 12402–12410
(2017)
148. Q. Xu, Y. Liu, R. Su, L. Cai, B. Li, Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, N. Li, X. Gong,
Z. Gu, Y. Chen, Y. Tan, C. Dong, T.S. Sreeprasad, Highly fluorescent Zn-doped carbon dots
as Fenton reaction-based bio-sensors: An integrative experimental–theoretical consideration.
Nanoscale 8, 17919–17927 (2016)
149. Y. Dong, J. Cai, X. You, Y. Chi, Sensing applications of luminescent carbon based dots.
Analyst 140, 7468–7486 (2015)
150. H. Sun, L. Wu, W. Wei, X. Qu, Recent advances in graphene quantum dots for sensing. Mater.
Today 16, 433–442 (2016)