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96. D.S. Su, J. Zhang, B. Frank, A. Thomas, X. Wang, J. Paraknowitsch, R. Schlçgl, Metal-free
heterogeneous catalysis for sustainable chemistry. ChemSusChem 3, 169–180 (2010)
97. M.R. Benzigar, S.N. Talapaneni, S. Joseph, K. Ramadass, G. Singh, J. Scaranto, U. Ravon,
K. Al-Bahily, A. Vinu, Recent advances in functionalized micro and mesoporous carbon
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98. S. Xiaoyan, W. Rui, S. Dangsheng, Research progress in metal-free carbon-based catalysts.
Chin. J. Catal. 34, 508–523 (2013)
99. J. Wang, H. Liu, X. Gu, H. Wang, D.S. Su, Synthesis of nitrogen-containing ordered
mesoporous carbon as a metal-free catalyst for selective oxidation of ethylbenzene. Chem.
Commun. 50, 9182–9184 (2014)
100. I. Matos, M. Bernardo, I. Fonseca, Porous carbon: A versatile material for catalysis. Catal.
Today 285, 194–203 (2017)
101. S.S. Barton, M.J.B. Evans, E. Halliop, J.A.F. Macdonald, Acidic and basic sites on the surface
of porous carbon. Carbon 35, 1361–1366 (1997)
102. A. Stergiou, N. Karousis, D.T. Dimitratos, Metal-Free Functionalized Carbons in Catalysis Synthesis, Characterization and Applications, in Non-covalent Methodologies for the
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Cambridge, 2018), pp. 29–66;. ISBN 978-1-78262-863-7
103. P. Serp, B. Machado, Nanostructured Carbon Materials for Catalysis (The Royal Society of
Chemistry, Cambridge,. ISSN 1757–6725, 2015)
104. M. Naderi, Chapter 14: Surface Area: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), in Progress in
Filtration and Separation, ed. by S. Tarleton, (Academic, London, 2015), pp. 585–608
105. P. Tang, G. Hu, M. Li, D. Ma, Graphene-based metal-free catalysts for catalytic reactions in
the liquid phase. ACS Catal. 6, 6948–6958 (2016)
106. X. Li, J. Zhang, W. Li, MOF-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon as metal-free catalysts
for acetylene hydrochlorination. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 146–154 (2016)
107. J.L. Figueiredo, M.F.R. Pereira, The role of surface chemistry in catalysis with carbons. Catal.
Today 150, 2–7 (2010)
108. A. Rey, M. Faraldos, A. Bahamonde, J.A. Casas, J.A. Zazo, J.J. Rodrıguez, Role of the
activated carbon surface on catalytic wet peroxide oxidation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47, 8166–
8174 (2008)
109. G. Wen, S. Wu, B. Li, C. Dai, D.S. Su, Active sites and mechanisms for direct oxidation of
benzene to phenol over carbon catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 4105–4109 (2015)
110. Q. Wei, H. Fan, F. Qin, Q. Ma, W. Shen, Metal-free honeycomb-like porous carbon as catalyst
for direct oxidation of benzene to phenol. Carbon 133, 6–13 (2018)
P. Veerakumar et al.
89. N. Pradhan, A. Pal, T. Pal, Silver nanoparticle catalyzed reduction of aromatic nitro
compounds. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 196, 247–257 (2002)
90. X. Kong, Z. Sun, M. Chen, C. Chen, Q. Chen, Metal-free catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol
to 4-aminophenol by N doped graphene. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 3260–3266 (2013)
91. L. Li, Q. Liu, Y.-X. Wang, H.-Q. Zhao, C.-S. He, H.-Y. Yang, L. Gong, Y. Mu, H.-Q. Yu,
Facilitated biological reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by reduced graphene oxide and
the role of its surface characteristics. Sci. Rep. 6, 30082 (2016)
92. Z.M. Summers, H.E. Fogarty, C. Leang, A.E. Franks, N.S. Malvankar, D.R. Lovley, Direct
exchange of electrons within aggregates of an evolved syntrophic coculture of anaerobic
bacteria. Science 330, 1413–1415 (2010)
93. F. Liu, A.-E. Rotaru, P.M. Shrestha, N.S. Malvankar, K.P. Nevin, D.R. Lovleya, Promoting
direct interspecies electron transfer with activated carbon. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 8982–8989
(2012)
94. L. Borchardt, Q.-L. Zhu, M.E. Casco, R. Berger, X. Zhuang, S. Kaskel, X. Feng, Q. Xu,
Toward a molecular design of porous carbon materials. Mater. Today 20, 592–610 (2017)
95. J.L. Figueiredo, Functionalization of porous carbons for catalytic applications. J. Mater.
Chem. A 1, 9351–9364 (2013)
96. D.S. Su, J. Zhang, B. Frank, A. Thomas, X. Wang, J. Paraknowitsch, R. Schlçgl, Metal-free
heterogeneous catalysis for sustainable chemistry. ChemSusChem 3, 169–180 (2010)
97. M.R. Benzigar, S.N. Talapaneni, S. Joseph, K. Ramadass, G. Singh, J. Scaranto, U. Ravon,
K. Al-Bahily, A. Vinu, Recent advances in functionalized micro and mesoporous carbon
materials: Synthesis and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 2680–2721 (2018)
98. S. Xiaoyan, W. Rui, S. Dangsheng, Research progress in metal-free carbon-based catalysts.
Chin. J. Catal. 34, 508–523 (2013)
99. J. Wang, H. Liu, X. Gu, H. Wang, D.S. Su, Synthesis of nitrogen-containing ordered
mesoporous carbon as a metal-free catalyst for selective oxidation of ethylbenzene. Chem.
Commun. 50, 9182–9184 (2014)
100. I. Matos, M. Bernardo, I. Fonseca, Porous carbon: A versatile material for catalysis. Catal.
Today 285, 194–203 (2017)
101. S.S. Barton, M.J.B. Evans, E. Halliop, J.A.F. Macdonald, Acidic and basic sites on the surface
of porous carbon. Carbon 35, 1361–1366 (1997)
102. A. Stergiou, N. Karousis, D.T. Dimitratos, Metal-Free Functionalized Carbons in Catalysis Synthesis, Characterization and Applications, in Non-covalent Methodologies for the
Preparation of Metal-Free Nanocarbons for Catalysis, (The Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge, 2018), pp. 29–66;. ISBN 978-1-78262-863-7
103. P. Serp, B. Machado, Nanostructured Carbon Materials for Catalysis (The Royal Society of
Chemistry, Cambridge,. ISSN 1757–6725, 2015)
104. M. Naderi, Chapter 14: Surface Area: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), in Progress in
Filtration and Separation, ed. by S. Tarleton, (Academic, London, 2015), pp. 585–608
105. P. Tang, G. Hu, M. Li, D. Ma, Graphene-based metal-free catalysts for catalytic reactions in
the liquid phase. ACS Catal. 6, 6948–6958 (2016)
106. X. Li, J. Zhang, W. Li, MOF-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon as metal-free catalysts
for acetylene hydrochlorination. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 146–154 (2016)
107. J.L. Figueiredo, M.F.R. Pereira, The role of surface chemistry in catalysis with carbons. Catal.
Today 150, 2–7 (2010)
108. A. Rey, M. Faraldos, A. Bahamonde, J.A. Casas, J.A. Zazo, J.J. Rodrıguez, Role of the
activated carbon surface on catalytic wet peroxide oxidation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47, 8166–
8174 (2008)
109. G. Wen, S. Wu, B. Li, C. Dai, D.S. Su, Active sites and mechanisms for direct oxidation of
benzene to phenol over carbon catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 4105–4109 (2015)
110. Q. Wei, H. Fan, F. Qin, Q. Ma, W. Shen, Metal-free honeycomb-like porous carbon as catalyst
for direct oxidation of benzene to phenol. Carbon 133, 6–13 (2018)