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102. Gillies RJ, Schomack PA, Secomb TW, Raghunand N (1999) Causes and effects of heterogeneous perfusion in tumors. Neoplasia 1:197–207
103. Overly CC, Lee K-D, Berthiaume E, Hollenbeck PJ (1995) Quantitative measurement of
intraorganelle pH in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in neurons by using ratiometric
imaging with pyranine. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92:3156–3160
104. Martin GR, Jain RK (1993) Fluorescence ratio imaging measurement of pH gradients:
calibration and application in normal and tumor tissues. Microvasc Res 46:216–230
105. Bassnett S, Reinisch L, Beebe DC (1990) Intracellular pH measurement using single
excitation-dual emission fluorescence ratios. Am J Physiol 258:C171–C178
106. Murphy RF, Powers S, Cantor CR (1984) Endosome pH measured in single cells by dual
fluorescence flow cytometry: rapid acidification of insulin to pH 6. J Cell Biol 98:1757–1762
107. Thomas JA, Buchsbaum RN, Zimniak A, Racker E (1979) Intracellular pH measurements in
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18:2210–2218
108. Kim S, Pudavar HE, Prasad PN (2006) Dye-concentrated organically modified silica
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Commun 19:2071–2073
109. McNamara KP et al (2001) Synthesis, characterization, and application of fluorescence
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110. Ji J, Rosenzweig N, Griffin C, Rosenzweig Z (2000) Synthesis and application of
submicrometer fluorescence sensing particles for lysosomal pH measurements in murine
macrophages. Anal Chem 72:3497–3503
111. Marshall MV et al (2010) Near-infrared fluorescence imaging in humans with indocyanine
green: a review and update. Open Surg Oncol J 2:12–25
112. Almutairi A, Guillaudeu SJ, Berezin MY, Achilefu S, Fréchet JMJ (2008) Biodegradable
pH-sensing dendritic Nanoprobes for near-infrared fluorescence lifetime and intensity imaging. J Am Chem Soc 130:444–445
113. Tang B et al (2009) A near-infrared neutral pH fluorescent probe for monitoring minor pH
changes: imaging in living HepG2 and HL-7702 cells. J Am Chem Soc 131:3016–3023
114. Zhang T et al (2013) Porphyrin-based ytterbium complexes targeting anionic phospholipid
membranes as selective biomarkers for cancer cell imaging. Chem Commun 49:7252–7254
115. Trivedi ER et al (2010) Chiral porphyrazine near-IR optical imaging agent exhibiting preferential tumor accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:1284–1288
116. Trivedi ER et al (2010) Synthesis of heteroatom substituted naphthoporphyrazine derivatives
with near-infrared absorption and emission. J Org Chem 75:1799–1802
117. Zhu S et al (2013) Highly water-soluble, near-infrared emissive BODIPY polymeric dye
bearing RGD peptide residues for cancer imaging. Anal Chim Acta 758:138–144
118. Ma J et al (2018) A small molecular pH-dependent fluorescent probe for cancer cell imaging in
living cell. Talanta 182:464–469
119. Cooper MA, Williams DH (1999) Binding of glycopeptide antibiotics to a model of a
vancomycin-resistant bacterium. Chem Biol 6:891–899
120. Kotra LP, Amro NA, Liu GY, Mobashery S (2000) Visualizing bacteria at high resolution.
ASM News 66:675–681
121. Fernandez-Lopez S et al (2001) Antibacterial agents based on the cyclic D,L-alpha-peptide
architecture. Nature 412:452–455
122. Leevy WM et al (2006) Optical imaging of bacterial infection in living mice using a
fluorescent near-infrared molecular probe. J Am Chem Soc 128:16476–16477
123. Ning X et al (2011) Maltodextrin-based imaging probes detect bacteria in vivo with high
sensitivity and specificity. Nat Mater 10:602–607
52
X. Yang et al.
bronchial epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100:16083–16088
102. Gillies RJ, Schomack PA, Secomb TW, Raghunand N (1999) Causes and effects of heterogeneous perfusion in tumors. Neoplasia 1:197–207
103. Overly CC, Lee K-D, Berthiaume E, Hollenbeck PJ (1995) Quantitative measurement of
intraorganelle pH in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in neurons by using ratiometric
imaging with pyranine. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92:3156–3160
104. Martin GR, Jain RK (1993) Fluorescence ratio imaging measurement of pH gradients:
calibration and application in normal and tumor tissues. Microvasc Res 46:216–230
105. Bassnett S, Reinisch L, Beebe DC (1990) Intracellular pH measurement using single
excitation-dual emission fluorescence ratios. Am J Physiol 258:C171–C178
106. Murphy RF, Powers S, Cantor CR (1984) Endosome pH measured in single cells by dual
fluorescence flow cytometry: rapid acidification of insulin to pH 6. J Cell Biol 98:1757–1762
107. Thomas JA, Buchsbaum RN, Zimniak A, Racker E (1979) Intracellular pH measurements in
Ehrlich ascites tumor cells utilizing spectroscopic probes generated in situ. Biochemistry
18:2210–2218
108. Kim S, Pudavar HE, Prasad PN (2006) Dye-concentrated organically modified silica
nanoparticles as a ratiometric fluorescent pH probe by one-and two-photon excitation. Chem
Commun 19:2071–2073
109. McNamara KP et al (2001) Synthesis, characterization, and application of fluorescence
sensing lipobeads for intracellular pH measurements. Anal Chem 73:3240–3246
110. Ji J, Rosenzweig N, Griffin C, Rosenzweig Z (2000) Synthesis and application of
submicrometer fluorescence sensing particles for lysosomal pH measurements in murine
macrophages. Anal Chem 72:3497–3503
111. Marshall MV et al (2010) Near-infrared fluorescence imaging in humans with indocyanine
green: a review and update. Open Surg Oncol J 2:12–25
112. Almutairi A, Guillaudeu SJ, Berezin MY, Achilefu S, Fréchet JMJ (2008) Biodegradable
pH-sensing dendritic Nanoprobes for near-infrared fluorescence lifetime and intensity imaging. J Am Chem Soc 130:444–445
113. Tang B et al (2009) A near-infrared neutral pH fluorescent probe for monitoring minor pH
changes: imaging in living HepG2 and HL-7702 cells. J Am Chem Soc 131:3016–3023
114. Zhang T et al (2013) Porphyrin-based ytterbium complexes targeting anionic phospholipid
membranes as selective biomarkers for cancer cell imaging. Chem Commun 49:7252–7254
115. Trivedi ER et al (2010) Chiral porphyrazine near-IR optical imaging agent exhibiting preferential tumor accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:1284–1288
116. Trivedi ER et al (2010) Synthesis of heteroatom substituted naphthoporphyrazine derivatives
with near-infrared absorption and emission. J Org Chem 75:1799–1802
117. Zhu S et al (2013) Highly water-soluble, near-infrared emissive BODIPY polymeric dye
bearing RGD peptide residues for cancer imaging. Anal Chim Acta 758:138–144
118. Ma J et al (2018) A small molecular pH-dependent fluorescent probe for cancer cell imaging in
living cell. Talanta 182:464–469
119. Cooper MA, Williams DH (1999) Binding of glycopeptide antibiotics to a model of a
vancomycin-resistant bacterium. Chem Biol 6:891–899
120. Kotra LP, Amro NA, Liu GY, Mobashery S (2000) Visualizing bacteria at high resolution.
ASM News 66:675–681
121. Fernandez-Lopez S et al (2001) Antibacterial agents based on the cyclic D,L-alpha-peptide
architecture. Nature 412:452–455
122. Leevy WM et al (2006) Optical imaging of bacterial infection in living mice using a
fluorescent near-infrared molecular probe. J Am Chem Soc 128:16476–16477
123. Ning X et al (2011) Maltodextrin-based imaging probes detect bacteria in vivo with high
sensitivity and specificity. Nat Mater 10:602–607
52
X. Yang et al.