Further efforts will be made to improve imaging methods and probe development
in the aspects of imaging techniques and instrument, contrast agents, and synthetic
methodology. For example, multimodal imaging modalities fused with fluorescence
imaging have attracted attention in order to achieve enhanced imaging depth and
more accurate and comprehensive diagnosis [62, 134, 135]. Imaging-guided surgery
and personalized medicine continue to be the hot research areas to solve some unmet
medical needs. Meanwhile, fluorescence probes with longer wavelength are desired
and advantageous for bio-imaging owing to the minimum photodamage and deeper
tissue penetration [10, 136]. To conclude, in this chapter we have briefly discussed
some representative fluorescent dyes including ICG, NADH/FAD, porphyrin, phthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, BODIPY, and rhodamine, followed by some of their
applications. With ongoing research efforts, fluorescence imaging using organic
fluorophores has potential to make significant contributions for diagnosis and
bio-imaging.
Acknowledgments We thank the Tianjin University Start-up Funding and the Chinese
One-thousand Young Talent Funding.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Funding: This chapter was made possible by Tianjin University Start-up Funding.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval: This chapter does not contain any studies with human participants or animals
performed by any of the authors.
References
1. Rao J, Dragulescu-Andrasi A, Yao H (2007) Fluorescence imaging in vivo: recent advances.
Curr Opin Biotechnol 18:17–25
2. Gopalakrishnan V et al (2019) Use of CT imaging to quantify progression and response to
treatment in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Chest 155:962–971
3. Jeon SK et al (2019) Prospective evaluation of hepatic steatosis using ultrasound attenuation
imaging in patients with chronic liver disease with magnetic resonance imaging proton density
fat fraction as the reference standard. Ultrasound Med Biol 45:1407–1416
4. Bu L, Shen B, Cheng Z (2014) Fluorescent imaging of cancerous tissues for targeted surgery.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev 76:21–38
5. Kobayashi H, Ogawa M, Alford R, Choyke PL, Urano Y (2010) New strategies for fluorescent
probe design in medical diagnostic imaging. Chem Rev 110:2620–2640
6. Ponnuvel K, Kumar M, Padmini V (2016) A new quinoline-based chemosensor for Zn2+ ions
and their application in living cell imaging. Sens Actuators B Chem 227:242–247
7. Callan JF, de Silva AP, Magri DC (2005) Luminescent sensors and switches in the early 21st
century. Tetrahedron 61:8551–8588
8. Wang Z et al (2019) A novel isolongifolanone based fluorescent probe with super selectivity
and sensitivity for hypochlorite and its application in bio-imaging. Anal Chim Acta
1051:169–178
9. Alfano RR, Demos SG, Gayen SK (1997) Advances in optical imaging of biomedical mediaa.
Ann N Y Acad Sci 820:248–271
Organic Fluorescent Probes for Diagnostics and Bio-Imaging
47
in the aspects of imaging techniques and instrument, contrast agents, and synthetic
methodology. For example, multimodal imaging modalities fused with fluorescence
imaging have attracted attention in order to achieve enhanced imaging depth and
more accurate and comprehensive diagnosis [62, 134, 135]. Imaging-guided surgery
and personalized medicine continue to be the hot research areas to solve some unmet
medical needs. Meanwhile, fluorescence probes with longer wavelength are desired
and advantageous for bio-imaging owing to the minimum photodamage and deeper
tissue penetration [10, 136]. To conclude, in this chapter we have briefly discussed
some representative fluorescent dyes including ICG, NADH/FAD, porphyrin, phthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, BODIPY, and rhodamine, followed by some of their
applications. With ongoing research efforts, fluorescence imaging using organic
fluorophores has potential to make significant contributions for diagnosis and
bio-imaging.
Acknowledgments We thank the Tianjin University Start-up Funding and the Chinese
One-thousand Young Talent Funding.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Funding: This chapter was made possible by Tianjin University Start-up Funding.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval: This chapter does not contain any studies with human participants or animals
performed by any of the authors.
References
1. Rao J, Dragulescu-Andrasi A, Yao H (2007) Fluorescence imaging in vivo: recent advances.
Curr Opin Biotechnol 18:17–25
2. Gopalakrishnan V et al (2019) Use of CT imaging to quantify progression and response to
treatment in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Chest 155:962–971
3. Jeon SK et al (2019) Prospective evaluation of hepatic steatosis using ultrasound attenuation
imaging in patients with chronic liver disease with magnetic resonance imaging proton density
fat fraction as the reference standard. Ultrasound Med Biol 45:1407–1416
4. Bu L, Shen B, Cheng Z (2014) Fluorescent imaging of cancerous tissues for targeted surgery.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev 76:21–38
5. Kobayashi H, Ogawa M, Alford R, Choyke PL, Urano Y (2010) New strategies for fluorescent
probe design in medical diagnostic imaging. Chem Rev 110:2620–2640
6. Ponnuvel K, Kumar M, Padmini V (2016) A new quinoline-based chemosensor for Zn2+ ions
and their application in living cell imaging. Sens Actuators B Chem 227:242–247
7. Callan JF, de Silva AP, Magri DC (2005) Luminescent sensors and switches in the early 21st
century. Tetrahedron 61:8551–8588
8. Wang Z et al (2019) A novel isolongifolanone based fluorescent probe with super selectivity
and sensitivity for hypochlorite and its application in bio-imaging. Anal Chim Acta
1051:169–178
9. Alfano RR, Demos SG, Gayen SK (1997) Advances in optical imaging of biomedical mediaa.
Ann N Y Acad Sci 820:248–271
Organic Fluorescent Probes for Diagnostics and Bio-Imaging
47