25. Looger LL et al (2003) Computational design of receptor and sensor proteins with novel
functions. Nature 423(6936):185–190
26. Jiang L et al (2008) De novo computational design of retro-aldol enzymes. Science
319(5868):1387–1391
27. Rothlisberger D et al (2008) Kemp elimination catalysts by computational enzyme design.
Nature 453(7192):190–195
28. Kuhlman B et al (2003) Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy.
Science 302(5649):1364–1368
29. Yang F, Moss LG, Phillips Jr GN (1996) The molecular structure of green fluorescent protein.
Nat Biotechnol 14(10):1246–1251
30. Heim R, Prasher DC, Tsien RY (1994) Wavelength mutations and posttranslational autoxidation of green fluorescent protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91(26):12501–12504
31. Heim R, Tsien RY (1996) Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness,
longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Curr Biol 6(2):178–182
32. Tomosugi W et al (2009) An ultramarine fluorescent protein with increased photostability and
pH insensitivity. Nat Methods 6(5):351–353
33. Kremers GJ et al (2006) Cyan and yellow super fluorescent proteins with improved brightness,
protein folding, and FRET Forster radius. Biochemistry 45(21):6570–6580
34. Rizzo MA et al (2004) An improved cyan fluorescent protein variant useful for FRET. Nat
Biotechnol 22(4):445–449
35. Cormack BP, Valdivia RH, Falkow S (1996) FACS-optimized mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Gene 173(1):33–38
36. Heim R, Cubitt AB, Tsien RY (1995) Improved green fluorescence. Nature 373
(6516):663–664
37. Yang TT, Cheng L, Kain SR (1996) Optimized codon usage and chromophore mutations
provide enhanced sensitivity with the green fluorescent protein. Nucleic Acids Res 24
(22):4592–4593
38. Ormo M et al (1996) Crystal structure of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein.
Science 273(5280):1392–1395
39. Gittins JR et al (2015) Fluorescent protein-mediated colour polymorphism in reef corals:
multicopy genes extend the adaptation/acclimatization potential to variable light environments. Mol Ecol 24(2):453–465
40. Lukyanov KA et al (2000) Natural animal coloration can be determined by a nonfluorescent
green fluorescent protein homolog. J Biol Chem 275(34):25879–25882
41. Matz MV et al (1999) Fluorescent proteins from nonbioluminescent Anthozoa species. Nat
Biotechnol 17(10):969–973
42. Shkrob MA et al (2005) Far-red fluorescent proteins evolved from a blue chromoprotein from
Actinia equina. Biochem J 392(Pt 3):649–654
43. Evdokimov AG et al (2006) Structural basis for the fast maturation of Arthropoda green
fluorescent protein. EMBO Rep 7(10):1006–1012
44. Shagin DA et al (2004) GFP-like proteins as ubiquitous metazoan superfamily: evolution of
functional features and structural complexity. Mol Biol Evol 21(5):841–850
45. Germond A et al (2016) Design and development of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors to
monitor intracellular chemical and physical parameters. Biophys Rev 8(2):121–138
46. Tavare JM, Fletcher LM, Welsh GI (2001) Using green fluorescent protein to study intracellular signalling. J Endocrinol 170(2):297–306
47. Palmer AE et al (2011) Design and application of genetically encoded biosensors. Trends
Biotechnol 29(3):144–152
48. Day RN, Davidson MW (2009) The fluorescent protein palette: tools for cellular imaging.
Chem Soc Rev 38(10):2887–2921
49. Song W, Strack RL, Jaffrey SR (2013) Imaging bacterial protein expression using genetically
encoded RNA sensors. Nat Methods 10(9):873–875
50. Thorn K (2017) Genetically encoded fluorescent tags. Mol Biol Cell 28(7):848–857
Applications of Fluorescent Protein-Based Sensors in Bioimaging
177
functions. Nature 423(6936):185–190
26. Jiang L et al (2008) De novo computational design of retro-aldol enzymes. Science
319(5868):1387–1391
27. Rothlisberger D et al (2008) Kemp elimination catalysts by computational enzyme design.
Nature 453(7192):190–195
28. Kuhlman B et al (2003) Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy.
Science 302(5649):1364–1368
29. Yang F, Moss LG, Phillips Jr GN (1996) The molecular structure of green fluorescent protein.
Nat Biotechnol 14(10):1246–1251
30. Heim R, Prasher DC, Tsien RY (1994) Wavelength mutations and posttranslational autoxidation of green fluorescent protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91(26):12501–12504
31. Heim R, Tsien RY (1996) Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness,
longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Curr Biol 6(2):178–182
32. Tomosugi W et al (2009) An ultramarine fluorescent protein with increased photostability and
pH insensitivity. Nat Methods 6(5):351–353
33. Kremers GJ et al (2006) Cyan and yellow super fluorescent proteins with improved brightness,
protein folding, and FRET Forster radius. Biochemistry 45(21):6570–6580
34. Rizzo MA et al (2004) An improved cyan fluorescent protein variant useful for FRET. Nat
Biotechnol 22(4):445–449
35. Cormack BP, Valdivia RH, Falkow S (1996) FACS-optimized mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Gene 173(1):33–38
36. Heim R, Cubitt AB, Tsien RY (1995) Improved green fluorescence. Nature 373
(6516):663–664
37. Yang TT, Cheng L, Kain SR (1996) Optimized codon usage and chromophore mutations
provide enhanced sensitivity with the green fluorescent protein. Nucleic Acids Res 24
(22):4592–4593
38. Ormo M et al (1996) Crystal structure of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein.
Science 273(5280):1392–1395
39. Gittins JR et al (2015) Fluorescent protein-mediated colour polymorphism in reef corals:
multicopy genes extend the adaptation/acclimatization potential to variable light environments. Mol Ecol 24(2):453–465
40. Lukyanov KA et al (2000) Natural animal coloration can be determined by a nonfluorescent
green fluorescent protein homolog. J Biol Chem 275(34):25879–25882
41. Matz MV et al (1999) Fluorescent proteins from nonbioluminescent Anthozoa species. Nat
Biotechnol 17(10):969–973
42. Shkrob MA et al (2005) Far-red fluorescent proteins evolved from a blue chromoprotein from
Actinia equina. Biochem J 392(Pt 3):649–654
43. Evdokimov AG et al (2006) Structural basis for the fast maturation of Arthropoda green
fluorescent protein. EMBO Rep 7(10):1006–1012
44. Shagin DA et al (2004) GFP-like proteins as ubiquitous metazoan superfamily: evolution of
functional features and structural complexity. Mol Biol Evol 21(5):841–850
45. Germond A et al (2016) Design and development of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors to
monitor intracellular chemical and physical parameters. Biophys Rev 8(2):121–138
46. Tavare JM, Fletcher LM, Welsh GI (2001) Using green fluorescent protein to study intracellular signalling. J Endocrinol 170(2):297–306
47. Palmer AE et al (2011) Design and application of genetically encoded biosensors. Trends
Biotechnol 29(3):144–152
48. Day RN, Davidson MW (2009) The fluorescent protein palette: tools for cellular imaging.
Chem Soc Rev 38(10):2887–2921
49. Song W, Strack RL, Jaffrey SR (2013) Imaging bacterial protein expression using genetically
encoded RNA sensors. Nat Methods 10(9):873–875
50. Thorn K (2017) Genetically encoded fluorescent tags. Mol Biol Cell 28(7):848–857
Applications of Fluorescent Protein-Based Sensors in Bioimaging
177