4. Cheong S-K, Jones BL, Siddiqi AK, Liu F, Manohar N, Cho SH (2010) X-ray fluorescence
computed tomography (XFCT) imaging of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects using 110 kVp
x-rays. Phys Med Biol 55:647
5. Cong W, Shen H, Cao G, Liu H, Wang G (2013) X-ray fluorescence tomographic system design
and image reconstruction. J Xray Sci Technol 21:1–8
6. Kuang Y, Pratx G, Bazalova M, Meng B, Qian J, Xing L (2013) First demonstration of
multiplexed X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging. IEEE Trans Med
Imaging 32:262–267
7. Vernekohl D, Tzoumas S, Zhao W, Xing L (2018) Polarized x-ray excitation for scatter
reduction in x-ray fluorescence computed tomography. Med Phys 45:3741–3748
8. Cesareo R, Mascarenhas S (1989) A new tomographic device based on the detection of
fluorescent x-rays. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A 277:669–672
9. La Riviere PJ, Vargas P, Fu G, Meng LJ (2009) Accelerating X-ray fluorescence computed
tomography. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009:1000–1003
10. Bazalova M, Kuang Y, Pratx G, Xing L (2012) Investigation of X-ray fluorescence computed
tomography and K-edge CT imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 31:1620–1627
11. Weissleder R (2006) Molecular imaging in cancer. Science 2006:1168–1171
12. Massoud TF, Gambhir SS (2003) Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental
biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev 17:545–580
13. Weissleder R, Ross BD, Rehemtulla A, Gambhir SS (2010) Molecular imaging: principles and
practice. People’s Medical Publishing House, Shelton
14. Hayashi Y, Okuyama F (2010) New approach to breast tumor detection based on fluorescence
x-ray analysis. Ger Med Sci 8
15. Bazalova MA, Ahmad M, Pratx G, Xing L (2013) XFCT imaging of cisplatin with L-shell
x-rays. Phys Med Biol 59:219–232
16. Vernekohl D, Streicher M, Ahmad M, Xing L (2016) Comparison of a large area czt detector to
a spectroscopic cdte detector for x-ray fluorescence computed tomography. In: IEEE nuclear
science symposium, medical imaging conference and room-temperature semiconductor detector
workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD), Strassbourg
17. Bazalova-Carter M, Ahmad M, Xing L, Fahrig R (2015) Experimental validation of L-shell
x-ray fluorescence computed tomography imaging: phantom study. J Med Imaging 2:043501
18. Kuang Y, Pratx G, Bazalova M, Qian J, Meng B, Xing L (2013) Development of XFCT
imaging strategy for monitoring the spatial distribution of platinum-based chemodrugs: instrumentation and phantom validation. Med Phys 40:030701
19. Ahmad M, Bazalova-Carter M, Fahrig R, Xing L (2015) Optimized detector angular configuration increases the sensitivity of X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT). IEEE
Trans Med Imaging 34:1140–1147
20. Dhez P, Chevallier P, Lucatorto TB, Tarrio C (1999) Instrumental aspects of x-ray microbeams
in the range above 1 keV. Rev Sci Instrum 70:1907–1920
21. Gottschlag H, Kosters T, Vernekohl D, Reygers K, Schafers KP, Wubbeling F, Wessels JP
(2013) Towards quantitative image reconstruction using Monte-Carlo simulations in multi-wire
proportional chamber-based small animal PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 60:3343–3354
22. Ahmad M, Bazalova M, Xiang L, Xing L (2014) Order of magnitude sensitivity increase in
X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging with an optimized spectro-spatial
detector configuration: theory and simulation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 33:1119–1128
23. Kim JH, Kim JS, Choi H, Lee SM, Jun BH, Yu KN, Kuk E, Kim YK, Jeong DH, Cho MH, Lee
YS (2006) Nanoparticle probes with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic tags for cellular
cancer targeting. Anal Chem 78:6967–6973
24. Lee K-S, El-Sayed MA (2006) Gold and silver nanoparticles in sensing and imaging: sensitivity
of Plasmon response to size, shape, and metal composition. J Phys Chem B 110:19220–19225
25. McDonald MA, Watkin KL (2006) Investigations into the physicochemical properties of
dextran small particulate gadolinium oxide nanoparticles. Acad Radiol 13:421–427
146
D. Vernekohl and L. Xing
computed tomography (XFCT) imaging of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects using 110 kVp
x-rays. Phys Med Biol 55:647
5. Cong W, Shen H, Cao G, Liu H, Wang G (2013) X-ray fluorescence tomographic system design
and image reconstruction. J Xray Sci Technol 21:1–8
6. Kuang Y, Pratx G, Bazalova M, Meng B, Qian J, Xing L (2013) First demonstration of
multiplexed X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging. IEEE Trans Med
Imaging 32:262–267
7. Vernekohl D, Tzoumas S, Zhao W, Xing L (2018) Polarized x-ray excitation for scatter
reduction in x-ray fluorescence computed tomography. Med Phys 45:3741–3748
8. Cesareo R, Mascarenhas S (1989) A new tomographic device based on the detection of
fluorescent x-rays. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A 277:669–672
9. La Riviere PJ, Vargas P, Fu G, Meng LJ (2009) Accelerating X-ray fluorescence computed
tomography. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009:1000–1003
10. Bazalova M, Kuang Y, Pratx G, Xing L (2012) Investigation of X-ray fluorescence computed
tomography and K-edge CT imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 31:1620–1627
11. Weissleder R (2006) Molecular imaging in cancer. Science 2006:1168–1171
12. Massoud TF, Gambhir SS (2003) Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental
biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev 17:545–580
13. Weissleder R, Ross BD, Rehemtulla A, Gambhir SS (2010) Molecular imaging: principles and
practice. People’s Medical Publishing House, Shelton
14. Hayashi Y, Okuyama F (2010) New approach to breast tumor detection based on fluorescence
x-ray analysis. Ger Med Sci 8
15. Bazalova MA, Ahmad M, Pratx G, Xing L (2013) XFCT imaging of cisplatin with L-shell
x-rays. Phys Med Biol 59:219–232
16. Vernekohl D, Streicher M, Ahmad M, Xing L (2016) Comparison of a large area czt detector to
a spectroscopic cdte detector for x-ray fluorescence computed tomography. In: IEEE nuclear
science symposium, medical imaging conference and room-temperature semiconductor detector
workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD), Strassbourg
17. Bazalova-Carter M, Ahmad M, Xing L, Fahrig R (2015) Experimental validation of L-shell
x-ray fluorescence computed tomography imaging: phantom study. J Med Imaging 2:043501
18. Kuang Y, Pratx G, Bazalova M, Qian J, Meng B, Xing L (2013) Development of XFCT
imaging strategy for monitoring the spatial distribution of platinum-based chemodrugs: instrumentation and phantom validation. Med Phys 40:030701
19. Ahmad M, Bazalova-Carter M, Fahrig R, Xing L (2015) Optimized detector angular configuration increases the sensitivity of X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT). IEEE
Trans Med Imaging 34:1140–1147
20. Dhez P, Chevallier P, Lucatorto TB, Tarrio C (1999) Instrumental aspects of x-ray microbeams
in the range above 1 keV. Rev Sci Instrum 70:1907–1920
21. Gottschlag H, Kosters T, Vernekohl D, Reygers K, Schafers KP, Wubbeling F, Wessels JP
(2013) Towards quantitative image reconstruction using Monte-Carlo simulations in multi-wire
proportional chamber-based small animal PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 60:3343–3354
22. Ahmad M, Bazalova M, Xiang L, Xing L (2014) Order of magnitude sensitivity increase in
X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging with an optimized spectro-spatial
detector configuration: theory and simulation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 33:1119–1128
23. Kim JH, Kim JS, Choi H, Lee SM, Jun BH, Yu KN, Kuk E, Kim YK, Jeong DH, Cho MH, Lee
YS (2006) Nanoparticle probes with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic tags for cellular
cancer targeting. Anal Chem 78:6967–6973
24. Lee K-S, El-Sayed MA (2006) Gold and silver nanoparticles in sensing and imaging: sensitivity
of Plasmon response to size, shape, and metal composition. J Phys Chem B 110:19220–19225
25. McDonald MA, Watkin KL (2006) Investigations into the physicochemical properties of
dextran small particulate gadolinium oxide nanoparticles. Acad Radiol 13:421–427
146
D. Vernekohl and L. Xing