sensor devices have been shown to have the ability to provide rapid, cost effective,
specific and reliable quantitative and qualitative analysis. To date the developments
in nanomaterials and biosensor fabrications technology is moving rapidly with new
and novel nano-biorecognition materials being developed which can be applied as
the sensing receptors for mycotoxin analysis. Biosensors, as tools, have proofed to
be able to provide rapid, sensitive, robust, and cost-effective quantitative methods
for on-site testing. Developing biosensor devices for different mycotoxins are
attracting much research interest in recent years with a range of devices are being
developed and reported in the scientific literature. However, with the advent of
nanotechnology and its impact on developing ultrasensitive devices, mycotoxins
analysis is benefiting also from the advances taking place in applying nanomaterials
in sensors development (Saini and Kaur 2012a, b, 2013; Wang et al. 2009; Liu
2008).
It was established that gold supported on various metal oxides is a useful
candidate for alkenes hydrogenation. A few interesting revelations arose from this
research. Thiol–modified gold coated polystyrene particles had been used for
adsorption of aromatic compounds (Qu et al. 2008). Dansyl-norvaline stereospecific
recognition had been done by albumin gold nanoparticles (Kobayashi et al. 2006).
Gold nanoparticles were also employed for an immunoassay for the detection of
aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foods (Liu et al. 2003).
Recently, MOFs, obtained by linking metal cations (or cationic metal clusters)
with organic linkers, have attracted significant interest in the last years mainly due to
the advantage of showing a large variety of structural types and chemical
compositions, high surface area and permanent nanoscale porosity (Abhijith and
Thakur 2012; Jiang and Xu 2011). MOFs have been widely studied as materials for
catalysis gas storage and separation sensing and drug delivery and, more recently,
the analytical applications of MOFs have emerged (Li et al. 2011, 2012; Surblé et al.
2006; Sumida et al. 2011; Chae et al. 2004; Shekhah et al. 2011). In this field, MOFs
have shown to be promising materials as sorbents for sample preparation as chromatographic stationary phases, as well as for the development of improved detection
systems and sensors. However, MOFs crystalline powders generally possess a
random crystal size and shape, which makes troublesome their direct application
and have led to engineer hybrid materials containing them, such as through supports,
magnetic beads, beads coated with a MOF shell, or MOF crystals entrapped porous
monolith. Porous materials are defined as solids containing empty voids which can
host other molecules. The fundamental features of these materials are their porosity,
the ratio between total occupied and empty space, the (average) size of the pores and
the surface area (Li et al. 2011; Surblé et al. 2006; Sumida et al. 2011; Shekhah et al.
2011; Bagheri et al. 2012; Furukawa et al. 2013; Meek et al. 2011). Typical surface
area values for the porous materials applied in technological processes range
between 2000 and 8000 m
2 g
À1 . The most important applications of such materials
are the storage of small molecules and filtering.The metal organic frameworks are
defined as a nanocomposite material which can be consisted of either inorganic or
organic materials. MOFs have shown high potential in gas storage, separation,
chemical sensing, drug delivery, and heterogeneous catalysis applications. In
82
A. Kaur
specific and reliable quantitative and qualitative analysis. To date the developments
in nanomaterials and biosensor fabrications technology is moving rapidly with new
and novel nano-biorecognition materials being developed which can be applied as
the sensing receptors for mycotoxin analysis. Biosensors, as tools, have proofed to
be able to provide rapid, sensitive, robust, and cost-effective quantitative methods
for on-site testing. Developing biosensor devices for different mycotoxins are
attracting much research interest in recent years with a range of devices are being
developed and reported in the scientific literature. However, with the advent of
nanotechnology and its impact on developing ultrasensitive devices, mycotoxins
analysis is benefiting also from the advances taking place in applying nanomaterials
in sensors development (Saini and Kaur 2012a, b, 2013; Wang et al. 2009; Liu
2008).
It was established that gold supported on various metal oxides is a useful
candidate for alkenes hydrogenation. A few interesting revelations arose from this
research. Thiol–modified gold coated polystyrene particles had been used for
adsorption of aromatic compounds (Qu et al. 2008). Dansyl-norvaline stereospecific
recognition had been done by albumin gold nanoparticles (Kobayashi et al. 2006).
Gold nanoparticles were also employed for an immunoassay for the detection of
aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foods (Liu et al. 2003).
Recently, MOFs, obtained by linking metal cations (or cationic metal clusters)
with organic linkers, have attracted significant interest in the last years mainly due to
the advantage of showing a large variety of structural types and chemical
compositions, high surface area and permanent nanoscale porosity (Abhijith and
Thakur 2012; Jiang and Xu 2011). MOFs have been widely studied as materials for
catalysis gas storage and separation sensing and drug delivery and, more recently,
the analytical applications of MOFs have emerged (Li et al. 2011, 2012; Surblé et al.
2006; Sumida et al. 2011; Chae et al. 2004; Shekhah et al. 2011). In this field, MOFs
have shown to be promising materials as sorbents for sample preparation as chromatographic stationary phases, as well as for the development of improved detection
systems and sensors. However, MOFs crystalline powders generally possess a
random crystal size and shape, which makes troublesome their direct application
and have led to engineer hybrid materials containing them, such as through supports,
magnetic beads, beads coated with a MOF shell, or MOF crystals entrapped porous
monolith. Porous materials are defined as solids containing empty voids which can
host other molecules. The fundamental features of these materials are their porosity,
the ratio between total occupied and empty space, the (average) size of the pores and
the surface area (Li et al. 2011; Surblé et al. 2006; Sumida et al. 2011; Shekhah et al.
2011; Bagheri et al. 2012; Furukawa et al. 2013; Meek et al. 2011). Typical surface
area values for the porous materials applied in technological processes range
between 2000 and 8000 m
2 g
À1 . The most important applications of such materials
are the storage of small molecules and filtering.The metal organic frameworks are
defined as a nanocomposite material which can be consisted of either inorganic or
organic materials. MOFs have shown high potential in gas storage, separation,
chemical sensing, drug delivery, and heterogeneous catalysis applications. In
82
A. Kaur