Table 13.3 Applications of variety of nanomaterial (NMs) for groundwater, water, and soil remediation
Contaminated
sources
Contaminants
Applied treatment
Type of
study
Success rate
References
Groundwater
Chlorinated
compounds
(PCE, TCE, DCE)
Heavy metals (Pd, Cr,
Cu)
Injection of nZVI in subsurface
nZVI Flakes
Bimetallic particles (Pd/Fe)
ZVI
Field
Lab +
Field
96% TCE reduction over 4 weeks
PCE reduced from 20,000–30,000 to
100–200μg/L 80% TCE dechlorination/day
$95–99% removal
water quality observed within standard
WHO guidelines
Degraded to byproducts within 2 h
Elliott and
Zhang (2001)
and
Gheju (2011)
Water
Explosive
compounds
Nirates, cations,
natural organic
matter,
biological
contaminants
hexavalent chromium
Cr (VI)
Metal ions
(Cd
2+
, Pb
2+
, Hg
2+
,
AS
3+
)
Zn
2+
Ni/Fe; Cu/Fe
Titanium dioxide
nanomembranes
Natural and synthetic goethite
ZVI (NG/SG-ZVI)
Laboratory
Lab +
Laboratory
Lab +
Pilot
studies
Immediate degradation was observed
100% Cr(VI) removal
99% removal rate
Easy detection and removal of metal ions
Koutsospyros
et al. (2012)
Thatai et al.
(2014)
Wastewater
Organic compounds
(dyes, pesticides,
pharmaceuticals/
drugs)
Carbon Nanotubes
Lab +
Pilot
Studies
$100% removal/degradation
High removal efficiencies reported
Shalini et al.
(2012)
Crude Oil
Spill
Hydrocarbons
Superhydrophobic
nanomembrane and oleophilic
graphite
nanoplatelets
Nano-sized calcium oxides
Laboratory
Pilot study
Good results
including its
recyclability
were observed
Continental
Remediation
LLC (2009)
13 Phytoremediation and Nanoremediation
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