12.6.5 Membranes and Membrane Process
Membranes and membrane process have the specific pore size which makes it
permeable only for the water molecules and does not allow bacteria, viruses, salts
to pass through it. These membrane works by two technologies i.e., either by
pressure-driven forces or by electrical technology. Among the both, the membrane
which works by pressure-driven forces are considered to be best over the other and
show better wastewater treatment. The separation of the contaminants depends on
the molecular size and their pore size.
12.6.6 Nanofiber Membranes
Nanofiber membranes are the one which can remove the particles with the size in
microns and does not cause any foul smell in water. These membranes have high
surface area and porosity, which helps them in manufacturing the nanofiber mats
with numerous pores in it. Along with this, they have the feature, that their physical
and chemical characteristics can be easily controlled when used as the spun
nanofiber (Ramakrishna et al. 2005). These membranes are used in the pretreatment
of water before ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis. Electrospinning is used for the
treatment of the air and is considred to be simple, effective, and economically
friendly.
12.7 Landfill Leachate Treatment
The contaminated water coming out from the waste is called as the leachate. The
maximum amount of the leachate produced is from the landfills and the landfill
leachate is considered as the most injurious water for the humans as well as for the
environment. It is dark brown in color and have different types of organic particles
which include both the suspended and dissolved particles, heavy metals, pathogenic
agents, etc. As this injurious water easily gets into the soil from the waste and then
easily get into the groundwater, causing harm to both soil and water and leads to
cause soil and water pollution. This pollution increases the probability of humans to
get effected by the diseases. Therefore, for this reason only this leachate should be
managed in such a way that it does not enter the environment by any path. The
methods includes for the management of the leachate includes in-site treatment i.e.,
recirculation of the leachate in the vessels of the landfill, evaporation of the leachate,
discharge from the sewage treatment plants, by physiological and biological
methods (Kashitarash et al. 2012). But, in some places these methods cannot be
used for the treatment of the leachate water. There we can use the nanotechnology,
either for the pretreatment of the water or for the purification of the wastewater in
order to get the non-hazardous materials. For example—At the concentration of
the 100 ppm, the nanoparticle like nZVI will cause 42.25% of the treatment of the
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271
Membranes and membrane process have the specific pore size which makes it
permeable only for the water molecules and does not allow bacteria, viruses, salts
to pass through it. These membrane works by two technologies i.e., either by
pressure-driven forces or by electrical technology. Among the both, the membrane
which works by pressure-driven forces are considered to be best over the other and
show better wastewater treatment. The separation of the contaminants depends on
the molecular size and their pore size.
12.6.6 Nanofiber Membranes
Nanofiber membranes are the one which can remove the particles with the size in
microns and does not cause any foul smell in water. These membranes have high
surface area and porosity, which helps them in manufacturing the nanofiber mats
with numerous pores in it. Along with this, they have the feature, that their physical
and chemical characteristics can be easily controlled when used as the spun
nanofiber (Ramakrishna et al. 2005). These membranes are used in the pretreatment
of water before ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis. Electrospinning is used for the
treatment of the air and is considred to be simple, effective, and economically
friendly.
12.7 Landfill Leachate Treatment
The contaminated water coming out from the waste is called as the leachate. The
maximum amount of the leachate produced is from the landfills and the landfill
leachate is considered as the most injurious water for the humans as well as for the
environment. It is dark brown in color and have different types of organic particles
which include both the suspended and dissolved particles, heavy metals, pathogenic
agents, etc. As this injurious water easily gets into the soil from the waste and then
easily get into the groundwater, causing harm to both soil and water and leads to
cause soil and water pollution. This pollution increases the probability of humans to
get effected by the diseases. Therefore, for this reason only this leachate should be
managed in such a way that it does not enter the environment by any path. The
methods includes for the management of the leachate includes in-site treatment i.e.,
recirculation of the leachate in the vessels of the landfill, evaporation of the leachate,
discharge from the sewage treatment plants, by physiological and biological
methods (Kashitarash et al. 2012). But, in some places these methods cannot be
used for the treatment of the leachate water. There we can use the nanotechnology,
either for the pretreatment of the water or for the purification of the wastewater in
order to get the non-hazardous materials. For example—At the concentration of
the 100 ppm, the nanoparticle like nZVI will cause 42.25% of the treatment of the
12 Management of Waste Using Nanotechnology
271