from 600 to 2000 mg g
À1 ) (Wu et al. 2011; Pei et al. 2013; Sen Gupta et al. 2015).
Removal of persistent halocarbon pesticides using graphene has been reported.
Halogenation and/or dehalogenation reaction assists in the removal of pesticides.
Aromatic rings of graphene adsorb contaminants through π–π interactions.
Graphene-coated silica (GCS) has also shown high potential for removing residual
organophosphorus pesticides from water (Liu et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2015). Studies
also reported removal of chlordane, a persistent organic pollutant from water using
reduced graphene oxide supporting silver nanoparticles. The degradation of chlordane involved two-steps which include removal by silver nanoparticles and
subsequent adsorption of the degraded products (Sarno et al. 2017).
Nanocrystalline metal oxides remove broad range of pesticides including organophosphorus compounds. These compounds act as effective adsorbents. Ferric
oxides, manganese oxides, aluminum oxides, zinc oxides, titanium oxides, magnesium oxides, and cerium oxides are the metal oxides which act as low cost effective
adsorbents (Daneshvar et al. 2007; Navarro et al. 2009). Metallic nanoparticles
showed adsorption capacity for pesticides such as lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, and
endrin. Hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) showed adsorption capacity for organochlorine compounds such as DDT. Al 2 O 3 and MgO activated carbon showed
adsorption capacity for diazinon (Daneshvar et al. 2007; Firozjaee et al. 2017).
The removal of heptachlor, lindane, and hexachlorobenzene has been reported
using an effective reactant—nanoiron NANOFER 25. The removal of selected
organochlorinated pesticides has been noted when commercial suspension of
Nanofer 25 nZVI particles was used. High removal efficiency of 97% has been
noted for lindane (LIN), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobutadiene
(HCHB) within time period of 4 h. Removal efficiency of 99.6% has been noted
for HCH followed by removal of 98.9% for LIN, 97.3% removal efficiency for
HCHB followed by 84.8% removal efficiency for pentachlorobenzene (PCHB), and
72.7% for HCHBD with 24 h (Šimkovič et al. 2015).
Materials such as ZnO, TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , CdS, and WO 3 remove pesticides by
photocatalytic degradation (Yu et al. 2007; Rajeswari and Kanmani 2009;
Mohagheghian et al. 2015). Removal of the wide range of recalcitrant organic
pollutants occurs by photocatalytic oxidation. The photocatalytic degradation of
organochlorine pesticides has been noted after using nano-TiO 2 coated films
(Yu et al. 2007). The TiO 2 nanoparticles showed photocatalytic degradation of
dicofol under UV light irradiation (Senthilnathan and Philip 2009). Active hydroxyl
radicals (∙OH) react with dicofol to produce chloride ions and less toxic compounds
that contain less chlorine content (Daneshvar et al. 2007; Senthilnathan and Philip
2010). In this way degradation of dicofol has been obtained. Photocatalytic degradation of isoproturon pesticide using TiO 2 has also been reported (Police et al. 2010).
Magnetic nanoparticles also possess capacity to remove pesticides. Magnetic
nanoparticles whose surface has been modified exhibit high adsorption efficiency
and hence show high capacity for removal of pesticides (Kaur et al. 2014; Maddah
and Hasanzadeh 2017). Magnetic nanoparticles remove non-polar and moderately
polar pesticides. This occurs due to their separation ability, excellent stability, and
convenient operation (Šimkovič et al. 2015). Alumina nanoparticles also possess the
8 Nanomaterials for Remediation of Pesticides
197
À1 ) (Wu et al. 2011; Pei et al. 2013; Sen Gupta et al. 2015).
Removal of persistent halocarbon pesticides using graphene has been reported.
Halogenation and/or dehalogenation reaction assists in the removal of pesticides.
Aromatic rings of graphene adsorb contaminants through π–π interactions.
Graphene-coated silica (GCS) has also shown high potential for removing residual
organophosphorus pesticides from water (Liu et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2015). Studies
also reported removal of chlordane, a persistent organic pollutant from water using
reduced graphene oxide supporting silver nanoparticles. The degradation of chlordane involved two-steps which include removal by silver nanoparticles and
subsequent adsorption of the degraded products (Sarno et al. 2017).
Nanocrystalline metal oxides remove broad range of pesticides including organophosphorus compounds. These compounds act as effective adsorbents. Ferric
oxides, manganese oxides, aluminum oxides, zinc oxides, titanium oxides, magnesium oxides, and cerium oxides are the metal oxides which act as low cost effective
adsorbents (Daneshvar et al. 2007; Navarro et al. 2009). Metallic nanoparticles
showed adsorption capacity for pesticides such as lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, and
endrin. Hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) showed adsorption capacity for organochlorine compounds such as DDT. Al 2 O 3 and MgO activated carbon showed
adsorption capacity for diazinon (Daneshvar et al. 2007; Firozjaee et al. 2017).
The removal of heptachlor, lindane, and hexachlorobenzene has been reported
using an effective reactant—nanoiron NANOFER 25. The removal of selected
organochlorinated pesticides has been noted when commercial suspension of
Nanofer 25 nZVI particles was used. High removal efficiency of 97% has been
noted for lindane (LIN), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobutadiene
(HCHB) within time period of 4 h. Removal efficiency of 99.6% has been noted
for HCH followed by removal of 98.9% for LIN, 97.3% removal efficiency for
HCHB followed by 84.8% removal efficiency for pentachlorobenzene (PCHB), and
72.7% for HCHBD with 24 h (Šimkovič et al. 2015).
Materials such as ZnO, TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , CdS, and WO 3 remove pesticides by
photocatalytic degradation (Yu et al. 2007; Rajeswari and Kanmani 2009;
Mohagheghian et al. 2015). Removal of the wide range of recalcitrant organic
pollutants occurs by photocatalytic oxidation. The photocatalytic degradation of
organochlorine pesticides has been noted after using nano-TiO 2 coated films
(Yu et al. 2007). The TiO 2 nanoparticles showed photocatalytic degradation of
dicofol under UV light irradiation (Senthilnathan and Philip 2009). Active hydroxyl
radicals (∙OH) react with dicofol to produce chloride ions and less toxic compounds
that contain less chlorine content (Daneshvar et al. 2007; Senthilnathan and Philip
2010). In this way degradation of dicofol has been obtained. Photocatalytic degradation of isoproturon pesticide using TiO 2 has also been reported (Police et al. 2010).
Magnetic nanoparticles also possess capacity to remove pesticides. Magnetic
nanoparticles whose surface has been modified exhibit high adsorption efficiency
and hence show high capacity for removal of pesticides (Kaur et al. 2014; Maddah
and Hasanzadeh 2017). Magnetic nanoparticles remove non-polar and moderately
polar pesticides. This occurs due to their separation ability, excellent stability, and
convenient operation (Šimkovič et al. 2015). Alumina nanoparticles also possess the
8 Nanomaterials for Remediation of Pesticides
197