been reduced with the application of biomass as starting source. The other main
advantage of the bio-inspired C-dots is the use of water as a reaction medium for the
conversion of biomass into C-dots. In addition, the nutrient contents of this biomass
will also be shown higher percentage concentrations of protein, crude lipid, carbohydrate and crude fibre contents in C-dots which will further supplement their role in
water cleanup. Therefore, the chosen resources act as a good source of starting
material for the synthesis of C-dots and their application in waste water treatment
(Das et al. 2019; Meng et al. 2019; Hoang et al. 2019; Sun et al. 2019). The as
prepared particles will also offer better control over the stability and luminescence
activities of C-dots and act as sensitive and selective sensor for toxins. The presence
of the different type of the functional group over the surface of C-dots has further
made them one of the potential materials for the dye molecules present in the
aqueous media. The conjugating ligand materials over the surface of C-dots are
quite effective for the selective detection of dye toxin ions by using the fluorescencebased signals in presence of C-dots (Fu and Cui 2016). Additionally, the presence of
a conjugated π electron system will further enhance the probability of C-dots to form
complexes with a diverse range of aromatic nitro compounds containing dye
molecules present in waste water sources. Thus C-dots will further open up its
scope in chemo-sensing applications for the identification of dyes from the aqueous
media. The low toxicity, higher stability, well-suited biocompatibility, excellent
water solubility due to the functionalization make the as biomass derived C-dots
as budding aspirant for monitoring dye pollutants with great efficacy. The practical
utilities and average recovery of dye molecules in presence of C-dots synthesized by
using different resources have also enhanced their role in waste water management.
This method will offer a simple, rapid, cost-effective and harmless mean to determine metal ion as well as aromatic nitro compounds as impurities with higher
selectivity and sensitivity and usefulness for water treatment purpose.
For instance, Zhang et al. (2014) have employed the application of environmentfriendly nanocomposites of C-dots with positively charged double layered
hydroxides for the removal of dye molecules from aqueous media. The presence
of large quantity of oxygen containing surface functional group over the surface of
C-dots has made them effective for the treatment of toxic dye molecules (Fig. 7.5). It
has been observed that the adsorption tendency of this new material was as high as
185 mg/g for methyl blue. The adsorption behaviour follows Langmuir isotherm
with pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption mechanism was mainly
explained due to the hydrogen bonding between the dye molecules and C-dots. In
addition, the electrostatic interaction between the dye molecules and double layered
hydroxides has further complimented the removal tendency of dyes (Zhang et al.
2014).
Recently, Singh et al. (2019c) have developed a novel methodology for the waste
water management by using the cost-effective hydrogel coated C-dots. The highwater retention power of hydrogel has provided the efficient photothermal
mediations for adsorbed sunlight. Additionally, the presence of C-dots has provided
the thermal and mechanical strength to the hydrogel matrix. The presence of the
C-dots has further enhanced the absorption rate of sunlight and induced the higher
180
S. Chaudhary and P. Chauhan
advantage of the bio-inspired C-dots is the use of water as a reaction medium for the
conversion of biomass into C-dots. In addition, the nutrient contents of this biomass
will also be shown higher percentage concentrations of protein, crude lipid, carbohydrate and crude fibre contents in C-dots which will further supplement their role in
water cleanup. Therefore, the chosen resources act as a good source of starting
material for the synthesis of C-dots and their application in waste water treatment
(Das et al. 2019; Meng et al. 2019; Hoang et al. 2019; Sun et al. 2019). The as
prepared particles will also offer better control over the stability and luminescence
activities of C-dots and act as sensitive and selective sensor for toxins. The presence
of the different type of the functional group over the surface of C-dots has further
made them one of the potential materials for the dye molecules present in the
aqueous media. The conjugating ligand materials over the surface of C-dots are
quite effective for the selective detection of dye toxin ions by using the fluorescencebased signals in presence of C-dots (Fu and Cui 2016). Additionally, the presence of
a conjugated π electron system will further enhance the probability of C-dots to form
complexes with a diverse range of aromatic nitro compounds containing dye
molecules present in waste water sources. Thus C-dots will further open up its
scope in chemo-sensing applications for the identification of dyes from the aqueous
media. The low toxicity, higher stability, well-suited biocompatibility, excellent
water solubility due to the functionalization make the as biomass derived C-dots
as budding aspirant for monitoring dye pollutants with great efficacy. The practical
utilities and average recovery of dye molecules in presence of C-dots synthesized by
using different resources have also enhanced their role in waste water management.
This method will offer a simple, rapid, cost-effective and harmless mean to determine metal ion as well as aromatic nitro compounds as impurities with higher
selectivity and sensitivity and usefulness for water treatment purpose.
For instance, Zhang et al. (2014) have employed the application of environmentfriendly nanocomposites of C-dots with positively charged double layered
hydroxides for the removal of dye molecules from aqueous media. The presence
of large quantity of oxygen containing surface functional group over the surface of
C-dots has made them effective for the treatment of toxic dye molecules (Fig. 7.5). It
has been observed that the adsorption tendency of this new material was as high as
185 mg/g for methyl blue. The adsorption behaviour follows Langmuir isotherm
with pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption mechanism was mainly
explained due to the hydrogen bonding between the dye molecules and C-dots. In
addition, the electrostatic interaction between the dye molecules and double layered
hydroxides has further complimented the removal tendency of dyes (Zhang et al.
2014).
Recently, Singh et al. (2019c) have developed a novel methodology for the waste
water management by using the cost-effective hydrogel coated C-dots. The highwater retention power of hydrogel has provided the efficient photothermal
mediations for adsorbed sunlight. Additionally, the presence of C-dots has provided
the thermal and mechanical strength to the hydrogel matrix. The presence of the
C-dots has further enhanced the absorption rate of sunlight and induced the higher
180
S. Chaudhary and P. Chauhan