Table 7.3 Application of different kind of natural biomass for the production of C-dots and related properties
Precursor source
Used method
Size
Quantum
yield
λ exc
λ em
Application
Ref
Lemon juice
Hydrothermal heating
>6 nm
10.2
365 450 Useful in bioimaging
Tadesse et al.
(2018)
Lemon peel
Hydrothermal
9–10 nm 12
422 510 Good photocatalyst
Anmei et al. (2018)
Lemon juice
Solvothermal
>4 nm
10
365 450 Antimicrobial agent
Shaikh et al. (2019)
Carrot juice
Hydrothermal
4–5 nm
5
360 442 Useful in bioimaging
Liu et al. (2017)
Banana
Heating in presence of
ethanol
2–3 nm
9
360 465 Biomedical application
De and Karak
(2013)
Bamboo leaves
Hydrothermal
3–4 nm
7
365 440 Metal ion detection
Liu et al. (2014b)
Coffee seeds
Calcination
3–5 nm
4
365 440 Fluorophore, bioimaging
agent
Hsu et al. (2012)
Ginger juice
Hydrothermal
4–5 nm
13
325 400 Therapeutic agent
Li et al. (2014)
Orange peel
Oxidation and hydrothermal
>10 nm
36
340 430 Good photo catalyst
Prasannan and Imae
(2013)
Wheat straw
Hydrothermal
>2 nm
10
304 418 Metal ion detection
Yuan et al. (2015)
Seeds of wheat, rice,
sorghum, pellet
Calcinations
>10 nm
15
340 435 Metal ion sensing
Chaudhary et al.
(2016a, d)
Egg white
Hydrothermal
>3 nm
43
315 420 Metal ion detection and
bioimaging
Zhang et al. (2015)
Milk
Microwave method
~3 nm
8
365 450 Sensing of hydrogen
peroxide
Wang et al. (2016)
Human hair
Pyrolysis
2–3 nm
18
360 430 Preparation of microfibers
Liu et al. (2014a)
Crab shell
Microwave mediated
pyrolysis
>4 nm
20
350 425 Therapeutic agent
Yao et al. (2017)
Urine
Thermal heating
20 nm
5
325 392 Bioimaging
Essner et al. (2016)
Egg shell
Pyrolysis and
ultrasonication
3–4 nm
8
350 420 Therapeutic agent
Pramanik et al.
(2018)
174
S. Chaudhary and P. Chauhan
Precursor source
Used method
Size
Quantum
yield
λ exc
λ em
Application
Ref
Lemon juice
Hydrothermal heating
>6 nm
10.2
365 450 Useful in bioimaging
Tadesse et al.
(2018)
Lemon peel
Hydrothermal
9–10 nm 12
422 510 Good photocatalyst
Anmei et al. (2018)
Lemon juice
Solvothermal
>4 nm
10
365 450 Antimicrobial agent
Shaikh et al. (2019)
Carrot juice
Hydrothermal
4–5 nm
5
360 442 Useful in bioimaging
Liu et al. (2017)
Banana
Heating in presence of
ethanol
2–3 nm
9
360 465 Biomedical application
De and Karak
(2013)
Bamboo leaves
Hydrothermal
3–4 nm
7
365 440 Metal ion detection
Liu et al. (2014b)
Coffee seeds
Calcination
3–5 nm
4
365 440 Fluorophore, bioimaging
agent
Hsu et al. (2012)
Ginger juice
Hydrothermal
4–5 nm
13
325 400 Therapeutic agent
Li et al. (2014)
Orange peel
Oxidation and hydrothermal
>10 nm
36
340 430 Good photo catalyst
Prasannan and Imae
(2013)
Wheat straw
Hydrothermal
>2 nm
10
304 418 Metal ion detection
Yuan et al. (2015)
Seeds of wheat, rice,
sorghum, pellet
Calcinations
>10 nm
15
340 435 Metal ion sensing
Chaudhary et al.
(2016a, d)
Egg white
Hydrothermal
>3 nm
43
315 420 Metal ion detection and
bioimaging
Zhang et al. (2015)
Milk
Microwave method
~3 nm
8
365 450 Sensing of hydrogen
peroxide
Wang et al. (2016)
Human hair
Pyrolysis
2–3 nm
18
360 430 Preparation of microfibers
Liu et al. (2014a)
Crab shell
Microwave mediated
pyrolysis
>4 nm
20
350 425 Therapeutic agent
Yao et al. (2017)
Urine
Thermal heating
20 nm
5
325 392 Bioimaging
Essner et al. (2016)
Egg shell
Pyrolysis and
ultrasonication
3–4 nm
8
350 420 Therapeutic agent
Pramanik et al.
(2018)
174
S. Chaudhary and P. Chauhan