oxide to form starch magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). These MNPs then were further
used for adsorption of diverse group of heavy metals like Pb
2+, Ni
2+ , and Cu
2+ .
These starch grafted polymers are biodegradable and eco-friendly in nature. Whereas
synthetic nanoscale zero-valent iron is need to be stabilized and they are stabilized
by two polymers carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starch and are used for the
removal of As. Starch-graftacrylic acid/montmorillonite (S-g-AA/MMT)
nanocomposites are also used for the removal of lead and copper (Carlos et al. 2013).
6.8.4 Guar Gum
Gaur gum is eco-friendly biopolymer which is extracted from the gaur bean. Due to
their natural abundance and distinct functionalities make them desirable adsorbent
for the extermination pollutants As a natural biopolymer, it is modified to multiwall gaur gum carbon nanotube (GG-MWCNT) by covalent bond grafting to the
surface of mutiwall carbon nanotube and with the addition of iron
oxide nanoparticles are synthesised over GG-MWCNT to get GG–MWCNT–
Fe 3 O 4 . They are also modified by the addition polyacrylamide chain grafted on
CMG to get unique polymeric flocculants (Ghosh et al. 2009). Another gaur
gum-based novel compound hydrogel which is used as super adsorbent for mositure
retaining. All these modification attributes in the removal various heavy metals like
chromium and lead from the natural environment (Dodi et al. 2016).
6.8.5 Fungal Biomass
Fungal biomass used for the synthesis of nanoparticle is considered as a new
research for the removal of heavy metals. For the different industrial applications,
fungal nanomaterials are used. As fungal biomass can be genetically and morphologically manipulated, they have higher survival rate at low pH conditions, high
toleration capacity (Sarı and Tuzen 2009). In order to increase their utility as an
adsorbent desired configuration, structure, size, rigidity, tensile strength, and permeability can be achieved with the help of varied processes. Different material includes
activated carbon, glass raschig rings, and reticulated foams which encompass for the
removal of nickel, chromium, and iron. Whereas the immobilization of fungal
nanoparticles can be achieved by polyhydroxoethylmethacrylate, polyisoprene, calcium alginate, polysulfone, polyacrylamide, and polyethylenimine which makes
them more active and efficient for the eradication of heavy metal. Polyurethane
foam is an another type supporting material used in the Aspergillus terreus (Dias
et al. 2002). Fungal biomass when coated with polymeric compounds aids in the
removal of negative charge ions (Say et al. 2001). Another process employed for the
removal of heavy metals is chelation which helps enhancement of binding capacity
of fungal biomass (Acheampong et al. 2010). Based on literature study
Phanerochaete chrysosporium nanoparticles successively used for the adsorption
of lead (Xu et al. 2012). Another study reported that fungal biomass modified to
magnetic adsorbent by encapsulating calcium alginate beads to improve its removal
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N. Dhiman et al.
used for adsorption of diverse group of heavy metals like Pb
2+, Ni
2+ , and Cu
2+ .
These starch grafted polymers are biodegradable and eco-friendly in nature. Whereas
synthetic nanoscale zero-valent iron is need to be stabilized and they are stabilized
by two polymers carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starch and are used for the
removal of As. Starch-graftacrylic acid/montmorillonite (S-g-AA/MMT)
nanocomposites are also used for the removal of lead and copper (Carlos et al. 2013).
6.8.4 Guar Gum
Gaur gum is eco-friendly biopolymer which is extracted from the gaur bean. Due to
their natural abundance and distinct functionalities make them desirable adsorbent
for the extermination pollutants As a natural biopolymer, it is modified to multiwall gaur gum carbon nanotube (GG-MWCNT) by covalent bond grafting to the
surface of mutiwall carbon nanotube and with the addition of iron
oxide nanoparticles are synthesised over GG-MWCNT to get GG–MWCNT–
Fe 3 O 4 . They are also modified by the addition polyacrylamide chain grafted on
CMG to get unique polymeric flocculants (Ghosh et al. 2009). Another gaur
gum-based novel compound hydrogel which is used as super adsorbent for mositure
retaining. All these modification attributes in the removal various heavy metals like
chromium and lead from the natural environment (Dodi et al. 2016).
6.8.5 Fungal Biomass
Fungal biomass used for the synthesis of nanoparticle is considered as a new
research for the removal of heavy metals. For the different industrial applications,
fungal nanomaterials are used. As fungal biomass can be genetically and morphologically manipulated, they have higher survival rate at low pH conditions, high
toleration capacity (Sarı and Tuzen 2009). In order to increase their utility as an
adsorbent desired configuration, structure, size, rigidity, tensile strength, and permeability can be achieved with the help of varied processes. Different material includes
activated carbon, glass raschig rings, and reticulated foams which encompass for the
removal of nickel, chromium, and iron. Whereas the immobilization of fungal
nanoparticles can be achieved by polyhydroxoethylmethacrylate, polyisoprene, calcium alginate, polysulfone, polyacrylamide, and polyethylenimine which makes
them more active and efficient for the eradication of heavy metal. Polyurethane
foam is an another type supporting material used in the Aspergillus terreus (Dias
et al. 2002). Fungal biomass when coated with polymeric compounds aids in the
removal of negative charge ions (Say et al. 2001). Another process employed for the
removal of heavy metals is chelation which helps enhancement of binding capacity
of fungal biomass (Acheampong et al. 2010). Based on literature study
Phanerochaete chrysosporium nanoparticles successively used for the adsorption
of lead (Xu et al. 2012). Another study reported that fungal biomass modified to
magnetic adsorbent by encapsulating calcium alginate beads to improve its removal
158
N. Dhiman et al.