7 Ionic Liquid–Liquid Chromatography: A Novel Separation Method
185
difficult to purify cost-effectively from their starting crude matrices. Ionic liquidCCC/CPC/CCE/CPE science and research are likely going to be driven by commercial applications rather than in the academic arenas. Research groups are already in
place in the USA and Europe to develop the processes necessary for very large-scale
process applications.
References
1. Snyder LR, Kirkland JJ (1979) Introduction to modern liquid chromatography, 2nd edn. Wiley,
New York
2. Conway WD, Petroski RJ (eds) (1995) Modern countercurrent chromatography. In: ACS
Symposium Series 593. Washington, DC
3. Sutherland IA, Brown L, Forbes S, Games G, Hawes D, Hostettmann K, McKerrell EH, Marston
A, Wheatley D, Wood P (1998) Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and its versatile application as an industrial purification & production process. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol
21:279. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826079808000491
4. Berthod A, Serge A (2005) Industrial applications of CCC. In: Encyclopedia of chromatography, 2nd edn. (ed: Cazes JE). CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 833
5. Oka F, Oka H, Ito Y (1991) Systematic search for suitable two-phase solvent systems for highspeed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr 538:99. https://doi.org/10.1016/s00219673(01)91626-7
6. Friesen JB, Pauli GF (2007) Rational development of solvent system families in counter-current
chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1151:51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.126
7. Rafson HJ (ed) (1998) Odor and VOC control handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York
8. Brennecke JF, Maginn EJ (2001) Ionic liquids: innovative fluids for chemical processing.
AIChE J 47:2384. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690471102
9. a: Wasserscheid P, Welton T (eds) (2008) Ionic liquids in synthesis, vol 1, 2nd edn. Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim, Germany; b: Plechkova NV, Seddon KR (2008) Applications of ionic liquids in the
chemical industry. Chem Soc Rev 37:123 http://doi.org/10.1039/b006677j; c: Freemantle M
(2010) An introduction to ionic liquids. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK
10. a: Anderson JL, Armstrong DW, Wei G-T (2006) Ionic liquids in analytical chemistry. Anal
Chem 78:2892 http://doi.org/10.1021/ac069394o; b: Arce A, Earle MJ, Rodríguez H, Seddon KR, Soto A (2009) Bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide ionic liquids as solvents for the
extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from their mixtures with alkanes: effect of the nature of
the cation. Green Chem 11:365. http://doi.org/10.1039/b814189d
11. Sutherland IA (2007) Recent progress on the industrial scale-up of counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1151:6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.143
12. Marchal L, Legrand J, Foucault A (2003) Centrifugal partition chromatography: a survey of
its history, and our recent advances in the field. Chem Rec 3:133. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.
10057
13. Berthod A, Carda-Broch S (2004) Use of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate in countercurrent chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 380:168. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00216-004-2717-8
14. a: Brown L, Earle MJ, Gîlea MA, Plechkova NV, Seddon KR (2017) Ionic liquid–liquid separations using countercurrent chromatography: a new general-purpose separation methodology.
Aust J Chem 70:923 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH17004; b: Fan C, Cao L, Liu M, Wang W
(2016) , Determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in wine and juice using ionic liquid modified
countercurrent chromatography as a pretreatment method followed by high-performance liquid
chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1436:133 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.069
15. Earle MJ, Seddon KR, Self R, Brown L (2013) Ionic liquid separations. WO2013121218A1
185
difficult to purify cost-effectively from their starting crude matrices. Ionic liquidCCC/CPC/CCE/CPE science and research are likely going to be driven by commercial applications rather than in the academic arenas. Research groups are already in
place in the USA and Europe to develop the processes necessary for very large-scale
process applications.
References
1. Snyder LR, Kirkland JJ (1979) Introduction to modern liquid chromatography, 2nd edn. Wiley,
New York
2. Conway WD, Petroski RJ (eds) (1995) Modern countercurrent chromatography. In: ACS
Symposium Series 593. Washington, DC
3. Sutherland IA, Brown L, Forbes S, Games G, Hawes D, Hostettmann K, McKerrell EH, Marston
A, Wheatley D, Wood P (1998) Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and its versatile application as an industrial purification & production process. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol
21:279. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826079808000491
4. Berthod A, Serge A (2005) Industrial applications of CCC. In: Encyclopedia of chromatography, 2nd edn. (ed: Cazes JE). CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 833
5. Oka F, Oka H, Ito Y (1991) Systematic search for suitable two-phase solvent systems for highspeed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr 538:99. https://doi.org/10.1016/s00219673(01)91626-7
6. Friesen JB, Pauli GF (2007) Rational development of solvent system families in counter-current
chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1151:51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.126
7. Rafson HJ (ed) (1998) Odor and VOC control handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York
8. Brennecke JF, Maginn EJ (2001) Ionic liquids: innovative fluids for chemical processing.
AIChE J 47:2384. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690471102
9. a: Wasserscheid P, Welton T (eds) (2008) Ionic liquids in synthesis, vol 1, 2nd edn. Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim, Germany; b: Plechkova NV, Seddon KR (2008) Applications of ionic liquids in the
chemical industry. Chem Soc Rev 37:123 http://doi.org/10.1039/b006677j; c: Freemantle M
(2010) An introduction to ionic liquids. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK
10. a: Anderson JL, Armstrong DW, Wei G-T (2006) Ionic liquids in analytical chemistry. Anal
Chem 78:2892 http://doi.org/10.1021/ac069394o; b: Arce A, Earle MJ, Rodríguez H, Seddon KR, Soto A (2009) Bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide ionic liquids as solvents for the
extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from their mixtures with alkanes: effect of the nature of
the cation. Green Chem 11:365. http://doi.org/10.1039/b814189d
11. Sutherland IA (2007) Recent progress on the industrial scale-up of counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1151:6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.143
12. Marchal L, Legrand J, Foucault A (2003) Centrifugal partition chromatography: a survey of
its history, and our recent advances in the field. Chem Rec 3:133. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.
10057
13. Berthod A, Carda-Broch S (2004) Use of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate in countercurrent chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 380:168. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00216-004-2717-8
14. a: Brown L, Earle MJ, Gîlea MA, Plechkova NV, Seddon KR (2017) Ionic liquid–liquid separations using countercurrent chromatography: a new general-purpose separation methodology.
Aust J Chem 70:923 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH17004; b: Fan C, Cao L, Liu M, Wang W
(2016) , Determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in wine and juice using ionic liquid modified
countercurrent chromatography as a pretreatment method followed by high-performance liquid
chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1436:133 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.069
15. Earle MJ, Seddon KR, Self R, Brown L (2013) Ionic liquid separations. WO2013121218A1