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96. Achinivu EC, Howard RM, Li G, Gracz H, Henderson WA (2014) Lignin extraction
from biomass with protic ionic liquids. Green Chem 16:1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C3GC42306A
97. Maton C, De Vos N, Stevens CV (2013) Ionic liquid thermal stabilities: decomposition mechanisms and analysis tools. Chem Soc Rev 42:5963–5977. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60071h
98. Hallett JP, Welton T (2011) Room-temperature ionic liquids: solvents for synthesis and catalysis. 2. Chem Rev 111:3508–3576. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr1003248
99. Sanders JPM, Clark JH, Harmsen GJ, Heeres HJ, Heijnen JJ, Kersten SR, van Swaaij WPM,
Moulijn JA (2012) Process intensification in the future production of base chemicals from
biomass. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 51:117–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2011.
08.007
100. Klein-Marcuschamer D, Simmons BA, Blanch HW (2011) Techno-economic analysis of a lignocellulosic ethanol biorefinery with ionic liquid pre-treatment. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefining
5:562–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.303
101. Murthy Konda NVSN, Shi J, Singh S, Blanch HW, Simmons BA, Klein-Marcuschamer D
(2014) Understanding cost drivers and economic potential of two variants of ionic liquid
pretreatment for cellulosic biofuel production. Biotechnol Biofuels 7:86. https://doi.org/10.
1186/1754-6834-7-86
102. Humbird D, Davis R, Tao L, Kinchin C, Hsu D, Aden A, Schoen P, Lukas J, Olthof B, Worley
M, Sexton S, Dudgeon D (2011) Process design and economics for biochemical conversion
of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol, NREL/TP-5100-4776 Technical Report
103. Ebel K, Koehler H, Gamer AO, Jäckh R (2011) Imidazole and derivatives. Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, vol 1. Wiley-VCH, New York, pp 131–139
104. Jessop PG (2011) Searching for green solvents. Green Chem 13:1391–1398. https://doi.org/
10.1039/c0gc00797h
105. Clarke CJ, Tu W-C, Levers O, Bröhl A, Hallett JP (2018) Green and sustainable solvents in
chemical processes. Chem Rev 118:747–800. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00571
106. Tao L, Aden A, Elander RT, Pallapolu VR, Lee YY, Garlock RJ, Balan V, Dale BE, Kim Y,
Mosier NS, Ladisch MR, Falls M, Holtzapple MT, Sierra R, Shi J, Ebrik MA, Redmont T,
Yang B, Wyman CE, Hames B, Thomas S, Warner RE (2011) Process and technoeconomic
analysis of leading pretreatment technologies for lignocellulosic ethanol production using
switchgrass. Bioresour Technol 102:11105–11114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.
07.051
107. Kazi FK, Fortman JA, Anex RP, Hsu DD, Aden A, Dutta A, Kothandaraman G (2010) Technoeconomic comparison of process technologies for biochemical ethanol production from corn
stover. Fuel 89:S20–S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.001
108. Gschwend FJV, Malaret F, Shinde S, Brandt-Talbot A, Hallett JP (2016) Rapid pretreatment
of Miscanthus using the low-cost ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate at elevated
temperatures. Green Chem 20:3486–3498. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC00837J
109. Shinde SD, Meng X, Kumar R, Ragauskas AJ (2018) Recent advances in understanding the
pseudo-lignin formation in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. Green Chem 20:2192–2205. https://
doi.org/10.1039/C8GC00353J
110. Li W, Sun N, Stoner B, Jiang X, Lu X, Rogers RD (2011) Rapid dissolution of lignocellulosic
biomass in ionic liquids using temperatures above the glass transition of lignin. Green Chem
13:2038–2047. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1gc15522a
111. Arora R, Manisseri C, Li C, Ong MD, Scheller HV, Vogel K, Simmons BA, Singh S (2010)
Monitoring and analyzing process streams towards understanding ionic liquid pretreatment
of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Bioenergy Res 3:134–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12155-010-9087-1
112. Modenbach AA, Nokes SE (2013) Enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass at high-solids loadings—
a review. Biomass Bioenerg 56:526–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.031
113. Samaniuk JR, Scott CT, Root TW, Klingenberg DJ (2012) Rheological modification of corn
stover biomass at high solids concentrations. J Rheol 56:649–665. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.
3702101
A. R. Abouelela et al.
96. Achinivu EC, Howard RM, Li G, Gracz H, Henderson WA (2014) Lignin extraction
from biomass with protic ionic liquids. Green Chem 16:1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C3GC42306A
97. Maton C, De Vos N, Stevens CV (2013) Ionic liquid thermal stabilities: decomposition mechanisms and analysis tools. Chem Soc Rev 42:5963–5977. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60071h
98. Hallett JP, Welton T (2011) Room-temperature ionic liquids: solvents for synthesis and catalysis. 2. Chem Rev 111:3508–3576. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr1003248
99. Sanders JPM, Clark JH, Harmsen GJ, Heeres HJ, Heijnen JJ, Kersten SR, van Swaaij WPM,
Moulijn JA (2012) Process intensification in the future production of base chemicals from
biomass. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 51:117–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2011.
08.007
100. Klein-Marcuschamer D, Simmons BA, Blanch HW (2011) Techno-economic analysis of a lignocellulosic ethanol biorefinery with ionic liquid pre-treatment. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefining
5:562–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.303
101. Murthy Konda NVSN, Shi J, Singh S, Blanch HW, Simmons BA, Klein-Marcuschamer D
(2014) Understanding cost drivers and economic potential of two variants of ionic liquid
pretreatment for cellulosic biofuel production. Biotechnol Biofuels 7:86. https://doi.org/10.
1186/1754-6834-7-86
102. Humbird D, Davis R, Tao L, Kinchin C, Hsu D, Aden A, Schoen P, Lukas J, Olthof B, Worley
M, Sexton S, Dudgeon D (2011) Process design and economics for biochemical conversion
of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol, NREL/TP-5100-4776 Technical Report
103. Ebel K, Koehler H, Gamer AO, Jäckh R (2011) Imidazole and derivatives. Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, vol 1. Wiley-VCH, New York, pp 131–139
104. Jessop PG (2011) Searching for green solvents. Green Chem 13:1391–1398. https://doi.org/
10.1039/c0gc00797h
105. Clarke CJ, Tu W-C, Levers O, Bröhl A, Hallett JP (2018) Green and sustainable solvents in
chemical processes. Chem Rev 118:747–800. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00571
106. Tao L, Aden A, Elander RT, Pallapolu VR, Lee YY, Garlock RJ, Balan V, Dale BE, Kim Y,
Mosier NS, Ladisch MR, Falls M, Holtzapple MT, Sierra R, Shi J, Ebrik MA, Redmont T,
Yang B, Wyman CE, Hames B, Thomas S, Warner RE (2011) Process and technoeconomic
analysis of leading pretreatment technologies for lignocellulosic ethanol production using
switchgrass. Bioresour Technol 102:11105–11114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.
07.051
107. Kazi FK, Fortman JA, Anex RP, Hsu DD, Aden A, Dutta A, Kothandaraman G (2010) Technoeconomic comparison of process technologies for biochemical ethanol production from corn
stover. Fuel 89:S20–S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.001
108. Gschwend FJV, Malaret F, Shinde S, Brandt-Talbot A, Hallett JP (2016) Rapid pretreatment
of Miscanthus using the low-cost ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate at elevated
temperatures. Green Chem 20:3486–3498. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC00837J
109. Shinde SD, Meng X, Kumar R, Ragauskas AJ (2018) Recent advances in understanding the
pseudo-lignin formation in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. Green Chem 20:2192–2205. https://
doi.org/10.1039/C8GC00353J
110. Li W, Sun N, Stoner B, Jiang X, Lu X, Rogers RD (2011) Rapid dissolution of lignocellulosic
biomass in ionic liquids using temperatures above the glass transition of lignin. Green Chem
13:2038–2047. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1gc15522a
111. Arora R, Manisseri C, Li C, Ong MD, Scheller HV, Vogel K, Simmons BA, Singh S (2010)
Monitoring and analyzing process streams towards understanding ionic liquid pretreatment
of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Bioenergy Res 3:134–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12155-010-9087-1
112. Modenbach AA, Nokes SE (2013) Enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass at high-solids loadings—
a review. Biomass Bioenerg 56:526–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.031
113. Samaniuk JR, Scott CT, Root TW, Klingenberg DJ (2012) Rheological modification of corn
stover biomass at high solids concentrations. J Rheol 56:649–665. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.
3702101