122
A. R. Abouelela et al.
59. Penttilä A, Uusi-Kyyny P, Alopaeus V (2014) Distillable protic ionic liquid 2(hydroxy)ethylammonium acetate (2-HEAA): density, vapor pressure, vapor–liquid equilibrium, and solid–liquid equilibrium. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:19322–19330. https://doi.org/10.
1021/ie503823a
60. Earle MJ, Esperança JMSS, Gilea MA, Canongia Lopes JN, Rebelo LPN, Magee JW, Seddon
KR, Widegren JA (2006) The distillation and volatility of ionic liquids. Nature 439:831–834.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04451
61. Menne S, Vogl T, Balducci A (2014) Lithium coordination in protic ionic liquids. Phys Chem
Chem Phys 16:5485–5489. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp55183k
62. Mayrand-Provencher L, Lin S, Lazzerini D, Rochefort D (2010) Pyridinium-based protic ionic
liquids as electrolytes for RuO 2 electrochemical capacitors. J Power Sour 195:5114–5121.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.02.073
63. Kanzaki R, Kodamatani H, Tomiyasu T, Watanabe H, Umebayashi Y (2016) A pH scale for
the protic ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate. Angew Chem Int Ed 55:6266–6269. https://
doi.org/10.1002/anie.201511328
64. Kanzaki R, Doi H, Song X, Hara S, Ishiguro S, Umebayashi Y (2012) Acid–base property
of N–methylimidazolium-based protic ionic. J Phys Chem B 116:14146−14152. https://doi.
org/10.1021/jp308477p
65. Hashimoto K, Fujii K, Shibayama M (2013) Acid–base property of protic ionic liquid, 1alkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide studied by potentiometric titration. J
Mol Liq 188:143–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2013.08.023
66. da Costa Lopes AM, João KG, Morais ARC, Bogel-Łukasik E, Bogel-Łukasik R (2013) Ionic
liquids as a tool for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation. Sustain Chem Process 1:3. https://
doi.org/10.1186/2043-7129-1-3
67. Kautto J, Realff MJ, Ragauskas AJ (2013) Design and simulation of an organosolv process
for bioethanol production. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 3:199–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13399-013-0074-6
68. Cherubini F (2010) The biorefinery concept: using biomass instead of oil for producing energy
and chemicals. Energy Convers Manag 51:1412–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.
2010.01.015
69. Chen H, Liu J, Chang X, Chen D, Xue Y, Liu P, Lin H, Han S (2017) A review on the
pretreatment of lignocellulose for high-value chemicals. Fuel Process Technol 160:196–206.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.12.007
70. Kilpelainen I, Xie H, King A, Granstrom M, Heikkinen S, Argyropoulos DS (2007) Dissolution of wood in ionic liquids. J Agric Food Chem 55:9142–9148. https://doi.org/10.1021/
jf071692e
71. Brandt A, Gräsvik J, Hallett JP, Welton T (2013) Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass
with ionic liquids. Green Chem 15:550–583. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2gc36364j
72. Sun N, Rahman M, Qin Y, Maxim ML, Rodríguez H, Rogers RD (2009) Complete dissolution
and partial delignification of wood in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate.
Green Chem 11:646–655. https://doi.org/10.1039/b822702k
73. Cheng G, Varanasi P, Li C, Liu H, Melnichenko YuB, Simmons BA, Kent MS, Singh S
(2011) Transition of cellulose crystalline structure and surface morphology of biomass as a
function of ionic liquid pretreatment and its relation to enzymatic hydrolysis. Biomacromol
12:933–941. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm101240z
74. Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang R, Liu G, Cheng G (2014) Understanding changes in cellulose
crystalline structure of lignocellulosic biomass during ionic liquid pretreatment by XRD.
Bioresour Technol 151:402–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.009
75. Trinh LTP, Lee YJ, Lee J-W, Lee H-J (2015) Characterization of ionic liquid pretreatment and
the bioconversion of pretreated mixed softwood biomass. Biomass Bioenerg 81:1–8. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.05.005
76. Remsing RC, Hernandez G, Swatloski RP, Massefski WW, Rogers RD, Moyna G (2008)
Solvation of carbohydrates in N, N -dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids: a multinuclear NMR
spectroscopy study. J Phys Chem B 112:11071–11078. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8042895
A. R. Abouelela et al.
59. Penttilä A, Uusi-Kyyny P, Alopaeus V (2014) Distillable protic ionic liquid 2(hydroxy)ethylammonium acetate (2-HEAA): density, vapor pressure, vapor–liquid equilibrium, and solid–liquid equilibrium. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:19322–19330. https://doi.org/10.
1021/ie503823a
60. Earle MJ, Esperança JMSS, Gilea MA, Canongia Lopes JN, Rebelo LPN, Magee JW, Seddon
KR, Widegren JA (2006) The distillation and volatility of ionic liquids. Nature 439:831–834.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04451
61. Menne S, Vogl T, Balducci A (2014) Lithium coordination in protic ionic liquids. Phys Chem
Chem Phys 16:5485–5489. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp55183k
62. Mayrand-Provencher L, Lin S, Lazzerini D, Rochefort D (2010) Pyridinium-based protic ionic
liquids as electrolytes for RuO 2 electrochemical capacitors. J Power Sour 195:5114–5121.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.02.073
63. Kanzaki R, Kodamatani H, Tomiyasu T, Watanabe H, Umebayashi Y (2016) A pH scale for
the protic ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate. Angew Chem Int Ed 55:6266–6269. https://
doi.org/10.1002/anie.201511328
64. Kanzaki R, Doi H, Song X, Hara S, Ishiguro S, Umebayashi Y (2012) Acid–base property
of N–methylimidazolium-based protic ionic. J Phys Chem B 116:14146−14152. https://doi.
org/10.1021/jp308477p
65. Hashimoto K, Fujii K, Shibayama M (2013) Acid–base property of protic ionic liquid, 1alkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide studied by potentiometric titration. J
Mol Liq 188:143–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2013.08.023
66. da Costa Lopes AM, João KG, Morais ARC, Bogel-Łukasik E, Bogel-Łukasik R (2013) Ionic
liquids as a tool for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation. Sustain Chem Process 1:3. https://
doi.org/10.1186/2043-7129-1-3
67. Kautto J, Realff MJ, Ragauskas AJ (2013) Design and simulation of an organosolv process
for bioethanol production. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 3:199–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13399-013-0074-6
68. Cherubini F (2010) The biorefinery concept: using biomass instead of oil for producing energy
and chemicals. Energy Convers Manag 51:1412–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.
2010.01.015
69. Chen H, Liu J, Chang X, Chen D, Xue Y, Liu P, Lin H, Han S (2017) A review on the
pretreatment of lignocellulose for high-value chemicals. Fuel Process Technol 160:196–206.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.12.007
70. Kilpelainen I, Xie H, King A, Granstrom M, Heikkinen S, Argyropoulos DS (2007) Dissolution of wood in ionic liquids. J Agric Food Chem 55:9142–9148. https://doi.org/10.1021/
jf071692e
71. Brandt A, Gräsvik J, Hallett JP, Welton T (2013) Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass
with ionic liquids. Green Chem 15:550–583. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2gc36364j
72. Sun N, Rahman M, Qin Y, Maxim ML, Rodríguez H, Rogers RD (2009) Complete dissolution
and partial delignification of wood in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate.
Green Chem 11:646–655. https://doi.org/10.1039/b822702k
73. Cheng G, Varanasi P, Li C, Liu H, Melnichenko YuB, Simmons BA, Kent MS, Singh S
(2011) Transition of cellulose crystalline structure and surface morphology of biomass as a
function of ionic liquid pretreatment and its relation to enzymatic hydrolysis. Biomacromol
12:933–941. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm101240z
74. Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang R, Liu G, Cheng G (2014) Understanding changes in cellulose
crystalline structure of lignocellulosic biomass during ionic liquid pretreatment by XRD.
Bioresour Technol 151:402–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.009
75. Trinh LTP, Lee YJ, Lee J-W, Lee H-J (2015) Characterization of ionic liquid pretreatment and
the bioconversion of pretreated mixed softwood biomass. Biomass Bioenerg 81:1–8. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.05.005
76. Remsing RC, Hernandez G, Swatloski RP, Massefski WW, Rogers RD, Moyna G (2008)
Solvation of carbohydrates in N, N -dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids: a multinuclear NMR
spectroscopy study. J Phys Chem B 112:11071–11078. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8042895