120
A. R. Abouelela et al.
22. Brandt-Talbot A, Gschwend FJV, Fennell PS, Lammens TM, Tan B, Weale J, Hallett JP (2017)
An economically viable ionic liquid for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass. Green
Chem 19:3078–3102. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC00705A
23. Jørgensen H, Pinelo M (2017) Enzyme recycling in lignocellulosic biorefineries. Biofuels
Bioprod Biorefining 11:150–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1724
24. Ragauskas AJ, Beckham GT, Biddy MJ, Chandra R, Chen F, Davis MF, Davison BH, Dixon
RA, Gilna P, Keller M, Langan P, Naskar AK, Saddler JN, Tschaplinski TJ, Tuskan GA,
Wyman CE (2014) Lignin valorization: improving lignin processing in the biorefinery. Science
344:1246843. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246843
25. Yuan T-Q, Wang W, Zhang L-M, Xu F, Sun R-C (2013) Reconstitution of cellulose and lignin
after [C 2 mim][OAc] pretreatment and its relation to enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng
110:729–736. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24743
26. Li C, Knierim B, Manisseri C, Arora R, Scheller HV, Auer M, Vogel KP, Simmons BA, Singh
S (2010) Comparison of dilute acid and ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass: biomass
recalcitrance, delignification and enzymatic saccharification. Bioresour Technol 101:4900–
4906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.066
27. Singh S, Simmons BA, Vogel KP (2009) Visualization of biomass solubilization and cellulose
regeneration during ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass. Biotechnol Bioeng 104:68–75.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.22386
28. Shi J, Thompson VS, Yancey NA, Stavila V, Simmons BA, Singh S (2017) Impact of mixed
feedstocks and feedstock densification on ionic liquid pretreatment efficiency. Biofuels 4:63–
72. https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.12.82
29. George A, Brandt A, Tran K, Zahari SMNS, Klein-Marcuschamer D, Sun N, Sathitsuksanoh
N, Shi J, Stavila V, Parthasarathi R, Singh S, Holmes BM, Welton T, Simmons BA, Hallett
JP (2015) Design of low-cost ionic liquids for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Green
Chem 17:1728–1734. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC01208A
30. Chen L, Sharifzadeh M, Mac Dowell N, Welton T, Shah N, Hallett JP (2014) Inexpensive
ionic liquids: [HSO 4 ] − -based solvent production at bulk scale. Green Chem 16:3098–3106.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC00016A
31. De Rose A, Buna M, Strazza C, Olivieri N, Stevens T, Peeters L, Tawil-Jamault D (2017)
Technology readiness level: guidance principles for renewable energy technologies. Report
EUR 27988 EN, European Commission, Brussels. https://doi.org:10.2777/577767
32. Gschwend FJV, Brandt A, Chambon CL, Tu W-C, Weigand L, Hallett JP (2016) Pretreatment
of lignocellulosic biomass with low-cost ionic liquids. J Vis Exp 114:e54246. http://doi:10.
3791/54246
33. Swatloski RP, Spear SK, Holbrey JD, Rogers RD (2002) Dissolution of cellulose with ionic
liquids. J Am Chem Soc 124:4974–4975. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja025790m
34. Lynd LR (2017) The grand challenge of cellulosic biofuels. Nat Biotechnol 35:912–915.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3976
35. Welton T (1999) Room-temperature ionic liquids. Solvents for synthesis and catalysis. Chem
Rev 99:2071–2083. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr980032t
36. Dai C, Zhang J, Huang C, Lei Z (2017) Ionic liquids in selective oxidation: catalysts and
solvents. Chem Rev 117:6929–6983. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00030
37. Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhang D, Yu P, Ma Y (2011) High performance supercapacitors based on
reduced graphene oxide in aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes. Carbon 49:573–580. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.09.060
38. Mood SH, Golfeshan AH, Tabatabaei M, Jouzani GS, Najafi GH, Gholami M, Ardjmand M
(2013) Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 27:77–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.033
39. Stark A (2011) Ionic liquids in the biorefinery: a critical assessment of their potential. Energy
Environ Sci 4:19–32. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00246A
40. Biganska O, Navard P (2009) Morphology of cellulose objects regenerated from cellulose-Nmethylmorpholine N-oxide–water solutions. Cellulose 16:179–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10570-008-9256-y
A. R. Abouelela et al.
22. Brandt-Talbot A, Gschwend FJV, Fennell PS, Lammens TM, Tan B, Weale J, Hallett JP (2017)
An economically viable ionic liquid for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass. Green
Chem 19:3078–3102. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC00705A
23. Jørgensen H, Pinelo M (2017) Enzyme recycling in lignocellulosic biorefineries. Biofuels
Bioprod Biorefining 11:150–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1724
24. Ragauskas AJ, Beckham GT, Biddy MJ, Chandra R, Chen F, Davis MF, Davison BH, Dixon
RA, Gilna P, Keller M, Langan P, Naskar AK, Saddler JN, Tschaplinski TJ, Tuskan GA,
Wyman CE (2014) Lignin valorization: improving lignin processing in the biorefinery. Science
344:1246843. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246843
25. Yuan T-Q, Wang W, Zhang L-M, Xu F, Sun R-C (2013) Reconstitution of cellulose and lignin
after [C 2 mim][OAc] pretreatment and its relation to enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng
110:729–736. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24743
26. Li C, Knierim B, Manisseri C, Arora R, Scheller HV, Auer M, Vogel KP, Simmons BA, Singh
S (2010) Comparison of dilute acid and ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass: biomass
recalcitrance, delignification and enzymatic saccharification. Bioresour Technol 101:4900–
4906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.066
27. Singh S, Simmons BA, Vogel KP (2009) Visualization of biomass solubilization and cellulose
regeneration during ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass. Biotechnol Bioeng 104:68–75.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.22386
28. Shi J, Thompson VS, Yancey NA, Stavila V, Simmons BA, Singh S (2017) Impact of mixed
feedstocks and feedstock densification on ionic liquid pretreatment efficiency. Biofuels 4:63–
72. https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.12.82
29. George A, Brandt A, Tran K, Zahari SMNS, Klein-Marcuschamer D, Sun N, Sathitsuksanoh
N, Shi J, Stavila V, Parthasarathi R, Singh S, Holmes BM, Welton T, Simmons BA, Hallett
JP (2015) Design of low-cost ionic liquids for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Green
Chem 17:1728–1734. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC01208A
30. Chen L, Sharifzadeh M, Mac Dowell N, Welton T, Shah N, Hallett JP (2014) Inexpensive
ionic liquids: [HSO 4 ] − -based solvent production at bulk scale. Green Chem 16:3098–3106.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC00016A
31. De Rose A, Buna M, Strazza C, Olivieri N, Stevens T, Peeters L, Tawil-Jamault D (2017)
Technology readiness level: guidance principles for renewable energy technologies. Report
EUR 27988 EN, European Commission, Brussels. https://doi.org:10.2777/577767
32. Gschwend FJV, Brandt A, Chambon CL, Tu W-C, Weigand L, Hallett JP (2016) Pretreatment
of lignocellulosic biomass with low-cost ionic liquids. J Vis Exp 114:e54246. http://doi:10.
3791/54246
33. Swatloski RP, Spear SK, Holbrey JD, Rogers RD (2002) Dissolution of cellulose with ionic
liquids. J Am Chem Soc 124:4974–4975. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja025790m
34. Lynd LR (2017) The grand challenge of cellulosic biofuels. Nat Biotechnol 35:912–915.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3976
35. Welton T (1999) Room-temperature ionic liquids. Solvents for synthesis and catalysis. Chem
Rev 99:2071–2083. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr980032t
36. Dai C, Zhang J, Huang C, Lei Z (2017) Ionic liquids in selective oxidation: catalysts and
solvents. Chem Rev 117:6929–6983. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00030
37. Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhang D, Yu P, Ma Y (2011) High performance supercapacitors based on
reduced graphene oxide in aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes. Carbon 49:573–580. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.09.060
38. Mood SH, Golfeshan AH, Tabatabaei M, Jouzani GS, Najafi GH, Gholami M, Ardjmand M
(2013) Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 27:77–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.033
39. Stark A (2011) Ionic liquids in the biorefinery: a critical assessment of their potential. Energy
Environ Sci 4:19–32. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00246A
40. Biganska O, Navard P (2009) Morphology of cellulose objects regenerated from cellulose-Nmethylmorpholine N-oxide–water solutions. Cellulose 16:179–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10570-008-9256-y