grassroots communities, which lack basic sanitation, or which rely on wood fuel and thus
require trees to be cut. Nevertheless, we conclude
that despite all these limitations communitybased institutions are better placed to pursue
IWRM than state-sponsored institutions.
Accordingly, we also conclude that both the
water laws and water policies must reviewed to
ensure that grassroots community structures,
including village heads are noted as the ‘lowest
appropriate authority’ in IWRM. However,
without the involvement of all key stakeholders,
IWRM will remain a toll order which might
never be realized in practice. Due to their link to
local culture, traditional institutions can be used
as a coercive tool for rallying local communities
in water resources management. Unfortunately,
this violates the principle of voluntary and
democratic participation envisaged in IWRM.
However, the willingness of communities to
participate in supporting common goals in
smallholder irrigation schemes gives hope that
where incentives exist local communities can
voluntarily promote IWRM. Therefore, not all is
lost after all.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the
organizers of the CRU TS3.23 Dataset, which was freely
available on internet and accessible from Climate
Explorer. The data they provided were useful in the
analysis of climate conditions in southern Africa.
References
Butterworth J, Warner J, Moriarty P, Batchelor C (2010)
Local approaches to integrated water
Chikozho C, Latham J (2005) Shona customary practices
in the context of water sector reforms in Zimbabwe.
In: International workshop on ‘African water laws:
plural, January
Dube D, Swatuk LA (2002) Stakeholder participation in
the new water management approach: a case study of
the Save catchment, Zimbabwe. Phys Chem Earth,
Parts A/B/C 27(11):867–874
FAO (2012) http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/157012.
Accessed 4 Apr 2016
Gallego-Ayala J, Juízo D (2011) Strategic implementation
of integrated water resources management in Mozambique: an A’WOT analysis. Phys Chem Earth, Parts
A/B/C 36(14):1103–1111
GWP (2000a) ‘Integrated Water Resources Management’.
Background Paper 4. Technical Advisory Committee,
Global Water Partnership, Stockholm
GWP (2000b) Towards water security: a framework for
action. GWP Secretariat, Stockholm
Kusangaya S, Warburton ML, Van Garderen EA,
Jewitt GP (2014) Impacts of climate change on water
resources in southern Africa: a review. Phys Chem
Earth, Parts A/B/C 67:47–54
Lørup JK, Refsgaard JC, Mazvimavi D (1998) Assessing
the effect of land use change on catchment runoff by
combined use of statistical tests and hydrological
modelling: case studies from Zimbabwe. J Hydrol
205:147–163
Manyanhaire IO, Nyaruwata L (2014) Interrogating the
applicability of the integrated water resources management (IWRM) model. Environ Nat Resour Res 4
(1):130–141
Mtisi S, Nicol A (2003) ‘Caught in the act: new
stakeholders, decentralisation and water management
processes in Zimbabwe’. Sustainable Livelihoods in
Southern Africa Research Paper 1, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Mutopo P, Chiweshe MK (2014) Water resources and
biofuel production after the fast-track land reform in
Zimbabwe. Afr Ident 12(1):124–138
OECD (2015) OECD principles on water governance.
OECD Publishing
Petersen-Perlman JD (2016) Projecting river basin
resilience in the Zambezi river basin through global
analyses and basin realities. Water Resour Manag 30
(6):1987–2003
Rockstrom J (2000) Water resources management in
smallholder farms in Eastern and Southern Africa: an
overview. Phys Chem Earth Part B 25(3):275–283
Saravanan VS, McDonald GT, Mollinga PP (2009)
Critical review of integrated water resources management: moving beyond polarised discourse. Nat Resour
Forum 33(1): 76–86, February
United Nations (1992) Rio declaration on environment
and development. United Nations, New York
Van der Zaag P (2005) Integrated water resources
management: relevant concept or irrelevant buzzword? A capacity building and research agenda for
Southern Africa. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 30
(11):867–871
WEF (2014) Global risks 2014. World Economic Forum,
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalRisks_
Report_2014.pdf
40
G. Mukwada et al.
require trees to be cut. Nevertheless, we conclude
that despite all these limitations communitybased institutions are better placed to pursue
IWRM than state-sponsored institutions.
Accordingly, we also conclude that both the
water laws and water policies must reviewed to
ensure that grassroots community structures,
including village heads are noted as the ‘lowest
appropriate authority’ in IWRM. However,
without the involvement of all key stakeholders,
IWRM will remain a toll order which might
never be realized in practice. Due to their link to
local culture, traditional institutions can be used
as a coercive tool for rallying local communities
in water resources management. Unfortunately,
this violates the principle of voluntary and
democratic participation envisaged in IWRM.
However, the willingness of communities to
participate in supporting common goals in
smallholder irrigation schemes gives hope that
where incentives exist local communities can
voluntarily promote IWRM. Therefore, not all is
lost after all.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the
organizers of the CRU TS3.23 Dataset, which was freely
available on internet and accessible from Climate
Explorer. The data they provided were useful in the
analysis of climate conditions in southern Africa.
References
Butterworth J, Warner J, Moriarty P, Batchelor C (2010)
Local approaches to integrated water
Chikozho C, Latham J (2005) Shona customary practices
in the context of water sector reforms in Zimbabwe.
In: International workshop on ‘African water laws:
plural, January
Dube D, Swatuk LA (2002) Stakeholder participation in
the new water management approach: a case study of
the Save catchment, Zimbabwe. Phys Chem Earth,
Parts A/B/C 27(11):867–874
FAO (2012) http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/157012.
Accessed 4 Apr 2016
Gallego-Ayala J, Juízo D (2011) Strategic implementation
of integrated water resources management in Mozambique: an A’WOT analysis. Phys Chem Earth, Parts
A/B/C 36(14):1103–1111
GWP (2000a) ‘Integrated Water Resources Management’.
Background Paper 4. Technical Advisory Committee,
Global Water Partnership, Stockholm
GWP (2000b) Towards water security: a framework for
action. GWP Secretariat, Stockholm
Kusangaya S, Warburton ML, Van Garderen EA,
Jewitt GP (2014) Impacts of climate change on water
resources in southern Africa: a review. Phys Chem
Earth, Parts A/B/C 67:47–54
Lørup JK, Refsgaard JC, Mazvimavi D (1998) Assessing
the effect of land use change on catchment runoff by
combined use of statistical tests and hydrological
modelling: case studies from Zimbabwe. J Hydrol
205:147–163
Manyanhaire IO, Nyaruwata L (2014) Interrogating the
applicability of the integrated water resources management (IWRM) model. Environ Nat Resour Res 4
(1):130–141
Mtisi S, Nicol A (2003) ‘Caught in the act: new
stakeholders, decentralisation and water management
processes in Zimbabwe’. Sustainable Livelihoods in
Southern Africa Research Paper 1, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Mutopo P, Chiweshe MK (2014) Water resources and
biofuel production after the fast-track land reform in
Zimbabwe. Afr Ident 12(1):124–138
OECD (2015) OECD principles on water governance.
OECD Publishing
Petersen-Perlman JD (2016) Projecting river basin
resilience in the Zambezi river basin through global
analyses and basin realities. Water Resour Manag 30
(6):1987–2003
Rockstrom J (2000) Water resources management in
smallholder farms in Eastern and Southern Africa: an
overview. Phys Chem Earth Part B 25(3):275–283
Saravanan VS, McDonald GT, Mollinga PP (2009)
Critical review of integrated water resources management: moving beyond polarised discourse. Nat Resour
Forum 33(1): 76–86, February
United Nations (1992) Rio declaration on environment
and development. United Nations, New York
Van der Zaag P (2005) Integrated water resources
management: relevant concept or irrelevant buzzword? A capacity building and research agenda for
Southern Africa. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 30
(11):867–871
WEF (2014) Global risks 2014. World Economic Forum,
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalRisks_
Report_2014.pdf
40
G. Mukwada et al.