121. J. Holcik, M. Kosik, A. Benbow, C. Cullis, The oxidative thermal degradation of
polypropylene and the influence of transition metal chelates. Eur. Polym. J. 14, 769–772
(1978)
122. A. Benbow, C. Cullis, H. Laver, Effects of metal chelates on the oxidation of polyolefins at
high temperatures. Polymer 19, 824–828 (1978)
123. F. Xie, Y.Z. Wang, B. Yang, Y. Liu, A novel intumescent flame-retardant polyethylene
system. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 291, 247–253 (2006)
124. W. Jiang, F.L. Jin, S.J. Park, Synthesis of a novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing
intumescent flame retardant and its application to fabrics. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 27, 40–43
(2015)
125. F. Gao, L. Tong, Z. Fang, Effect of a novel phosphorous–nitrogen containing intumescent
flame retardant on the fire retardancy and the thermal behaviour of poly(butylene
terephthalate). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 1295–1299 (2006)
126. X. Lai, S. Tang, H. Li, X. Zeng, Flame-retardant mechanism of a novel polymeric
intumescent flame retardant containing caged bicyclic phosphate for polypropylene. Polym.
Degrad. Stab. 113, 22–31 (2015)
127. H.Q. Peng, D.Y. Wang, Q. Zhou, Y.Z. Wang, An S- and P-containing flame retardant for
polypropylene. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 26, 299–309 (2008)
128. Z. Fang, P. Song, L. Tong, Z. Guo, Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of
polypropylene/C 60 nanocomposites. Thermochim. Acta 473, 106–108 (2008)
129. P.A. Song, H. Liu, Y. Shen, B. Du, Z. Fang, Y. Wu, Fabrication of dendrimer-like fullerene
(C 60 )-decorated oligomeric intumescent flame retardant for reducing the thermal oxidation
and flammability of polypropylene nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 1305–1313 (2009)
130. J.-P. Hu, D. Li, Y. Qin, X.-Y. Wang, Promotion effect of melamine on flame retardancy of
epoxy resins containing caged bicyclic phosphate. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 25, 581–588 (2007)
131. Y. Halpern, D.M. Mott, R.H. Niswander, Fire retardancy of thermoplastic materials by
intumescence. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 23, 233–238 (1984)
132. K. Studer, C. Decker, E. Beck, R. Schwalm, Overcoming oxygen inhibition in UV-curing of
acrylate coatings by carbon dioxide inerting, Part I. Prog. Org. Coat. 48, 92–100 (2003)
133. H. Kim, M.W. Urban, Molecular level chain scission mechanisms of epoxy and urethane
polymeric films exposed to UV/H 2 O. Multidimensional spectroscopic studies. Langmuir 16,
5382–5390 (2000)
134. V. Kumar, Y. Bhardwaj, N. Goel, S. Francis, K. Dubey, C. Chaudhari, K. Sarma, S.
Sabharwal, Coating characteristics of electron beam cured Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
diacrylate-co-aliphatic urethane diacrylate resins. Surf. Coat. Technol. 202, 5202–5209
(2008)
135. J.T. Yeh, Y.C. Shu, Characteristics of the degradation and improvement of the thermal
stability of poly(siloxane urethane) copolymers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 115, 2616–2628 (2010)
136. F.S. Yen, L.L. Lin, J.L. Hong, Hydrogen-bond interactions between urethane–urethane and
urethane–ester linkages in a liquid crystalline poly(ester–urethane). Macromolecules 32,
3068–3079 (1999)
137. L. Chen, Q. Tai, L. Song, W. Xing, G. Jie, Y. Hu, Thermal properties and flame retardancy
of an ether-type UV-cured polyurethane coating. Express Polym. Lett. 4, 539–550 (2010)
138. X. Qian, Q. Tai, L. Song, R. Yuen, Thermal degradation and flame-retardant properties of
epoxy acrylate resins modified with a novel flame retardant containing phosphorous and
nitrogen. Fire Saf. Sci. 11, 883–894 (2014)
139. L. Chen, L. Song, P. Lv, G. Jie, Q. Tai, W. Xing, Y. Hu, A new intumescent flame retardant
containing phosphorus and nitrogen: preparation, thermal properties and application to UV
curable coating. Prog. Org. Coat. 70, 59–66 (2011)
140. X. Chen, Y. Hu, C. Jiao, L. Song, Thermal and UV-curing behavior of phosphate diacrylate
used for flame retardant coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 59, 318–323 (2007)
141. H. Liang, W. Shi, Thermal behaviour and degradation mechanism of phosphate di/triacrylate
used for UV curable flame-retardant coatings. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 84, 525–532 (2004)
44
4 Types of Flame Retardants Used for the Synthesis of …
polypropylene and the influence of transition metal chelates. Eur. Polym. J. 14, 769–772
(1978)
122. A. Benbow, C. Cullis, H. Laver, Effects of metal chelates on the oxidation of polyolefins at
high temperatures. Polymer 19, 824–828 (1978)
123. F. Xie, Y.Z. Wang, B. Yang, Y. Liu, A novel intumescent flame-retardant polyethylene
system. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 291, 247–253 (2006)
124. W. Jiang, F.L. Jin, S.J. Park, Synthesis of a novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing
intumescent flame retardant and its application to fabrics. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 27, 40–43
(2015)
125. F. Gao, L. Tong, Z. Fang, Effect of a novel phosphorous–nitrogen containing intumescent
flame retardant on the fire retardancy and the thermal behaviour of poly(butylene
terephthalate). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 1295–1299 (2006)
126. X. Lai, S. Tang, H. Li, X. Zeng, Flame-retardant mechanism of a novel polymeric
intumescent flame retardant containing caged bicyclic phosphate for polypropylene. Polym.
Degrad. Stab. 113, 22–31 (2015)
127. H.Q. Peng, D.Y. Wang, Q. Zhou, Y.Z. Wang, An S- and P-containing flame retardant for
polypropylene. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 26, 299–309 (2008)
128. Z. Fang, P. Song, L. Tong, Z. Guo, Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of
polypropylene/C 60 nanocomposites. Thermochim. Acta 473, 106–108 (2008)
129. P.A. Song, H. Liu, Y. Shen, B. Du, Z. Fang, Y. Wu, Fabrication of dendrimer-like fullerene
(C 60 )-decorated oligomeric intumescent flame retardant for reducing the thermal oxidation
and flammability of polypropylene nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 1305–1313 (2009)
130. J.-P. Hu, D. Li, Y. Qin, X.-Y. Wang, Promotion effect of melamine on flame retardancy of
epoxy resins containing caged bicyclic phosphate. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 25, 581–588 (2007)
131. Y. Halpern, D.M. Mott, R.H. Niswander, Fire retardancy of thermoplastic materials by
intumescence. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 23, 233–238 (1984)
132. K. Studer, C. Decker, E. Beck, R. Schwalm, Overcoming oxygen inhibition in UV-curing of
acrylate coatings by carbon dioxide inerting, Part I. Prog. Org. Coat. 48, 92–100 (2003)
133. H. Kim, M.W. Urban, Molecular level chain scission mechanisms of epoxy and urethane
polymeric films exposed to UV/H 2 O. Multidimensional spectroscopic studies. Langmuir 16,
5382–5390 (2000)
134. V. Kumar, Y. Bhardwaj, N. Goel, S. Francis, K. Dubey, C. Chaudhari, K. Sarma, S.
Sabharwal, Coating characteristics of electron beam cured Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
diacrylate-co-aliphatic urethane diacrylate resins. Surf. Coat. Technol. 202, 5202–5209
(2008)
135. J.T. Yeh, Y.C. Shu, Characteristics of the degradation and improvement of the thermal
stability of poly(siloxane urethane) copolymers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 115, 2616–2628 (2010)
136. F.S. Yen, L.L. Lin, J.L. Hong, Hydrogen-bond interactions between urethane–urethane and
urethane–ester linkages in a liquid crystalline poly(ester–urethane). Macromolecules 32,
3068–3079 (1999)
137. L. Chen, Q. Tai, L. Song, W. Xing, G. Jie, Y. Hu, Thermal properties and flame retardancy
of an ether-type UV-cured polyurethane coating. Express Polym. Lett. 4, 539–550 (2010)
138. X. Qian, Q. Tai, L. Song, R. Yuen, Thermal degradation and flame-retardant properties of
epoxy acrylate resins modified with a novel flame retardant containing phosphorous and
nitrogen. Fire Saf. Sci. 11, 883–894 (2014)
139. L. Chen, L. Song, P. Lv, G. Jie, Q. Tai, W. Xing, Y. Hu, A new intumescent flame retardant
containing phosphorus and nitrogen: preparation, thermal properties and application to UV
curable coating. Prog. Org. Coat. 70, 59–66 (2011)
140. X. Chen, Y. Hu, C. Jiao, L. Song, Thermal and UV-curing behavior of phosphate diacrylate
used for flame retardant coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 59, 318–323 (2007)
141. H. Liang, W. Shi, Thermal behaviour and degradation mechanism of phosphate di/triacrylate
used for UV curable flame-retardant coatings. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 84, 525–532 (2004)
44
4 Types of Flame Retardants Used for the Synthesis of …