58. X.Q. Liu, D.Y. Wang, X.L. Wang, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Synthesis of functionalized
a-zirconium phosphate modified with intumescent flame retardant and its application in poly
(lactic acid). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 1731–1737 (2013)
59. L. Xu, C. Lei, R. Xu, X. Zhang, F. Zhang, Hybridization of a-zirconium phosphate with
hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and its application in the flame retardant poly (vinyl alcohol)
composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 133, 378–388 (2016)
60. H. Lu, C.A. Wilkie, Study on intumescent flame retarded polystyrene composites with
improved flame retardancy. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 2388–2395 (2010)
61. Y. Pan, H. Pan, B. Yuan, N. Hong, J. Zhan, B. Wang, L. Song, Y. Hu, Construction of
organic–inorganic hybrid nano-coatings containing a-zirconium phosphate with high
efficiency for reducing fire hazards of flexible polyurethane foam. Mater. Chem. Phys.
163, 107–115 (2015)
62. K. Liu, X. Wang, S. Ding, Y. Li, W. Hua, Y. Yue, Z. Gao, Enhanced activity over alkyl/aryl
functionalized porous pillared-zirconium phosphates in liquid-phase reaction. J. Mol. Catal.
A: Chem. 380, 84–89 (2013)
63. R. Zhang, Y. Hu, B. Li, Z. Chen, W. Fan, Studies on the preparation and structure of
polyacrylamide/a-zirconium phosphate nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 42, 5641–5646
(2007)
64. M. Kuruma, S.S. Ray, N. Kumar, Enhanced thermo-mechanical stiffness, thermal stability,
and fire retardant performance of surface-modified 2D MoS 2 nanosheet-reinforced
polyurethane composites. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 304, 1800562 (2019)
65. M. Kuruma, J. Bandyopadhyay, S.S. Ray, Thermal degradation characteristic and flame
retardancy of polylactide-based nanobiocomposites. Molecules 23, 2648 (2018)
66. S.S. Ray, M. Okamoto, Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation
to processing. Prog. Polym. Sci. 28, 1539–1541 (2003)
67. S. Gaan, G. Sun, K. Hutches, M.H. Engelhard, Effect of nitrogen additives on flame
retardant action of tributyl phosphate: phosphorus–nitrogen synergism. Polym. Degrad.
Stab. 93, 99–108 (2008)
68. H. Singh, A. Jain, T. Sharma, Effect of phosphorus-nitrogen additives on fire retardancy of
rigid polyurethane foams. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 109, 2718–2728 (2008)
69. Q. Tai, R.K. Yuen, L. Song, Y. Hu, A novel polymeric flame retardant and exfoliated clay
nanocomposites: preparation and properties. Chem. Eng. J. 183, 542–549 (2012)
70. J. Zhu, P. Start, K.A. Mauritz, C.A. Wilkie, Thermal stability and flame retardancy of poly
(methyl methacrylate)-clay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 77, 253–258 (2002)
71. M. Si, V. Zaitsev, M. Goldman, A. Frenkel, D.G. Peiffer, E. Weil, J.C. Sokolov, M.H.
Rafailovich, Self-extinguishing polymer/organoclay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab.
92, 86–93 (2007)
72. L. Song, Y. Hu, Y. Tang, R. Zhang, Z. Chen, W. Fan, Study on the properties of flame
retardant polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 87, 111–116
(2005)
73. S. Ming, G. Chen, J. He, Y. Kuang, Y. Liu, R. Tao, H. Ning, P. Zhu, Y. Liu, Z. Fang, Highly
transparent and self-extinguishing nanofibrillated cellulose-monolayer clay nanoplatelet
hybrid films. Langmuir 33, 8455–8462 (2017)
74. J. Herrera-Alonso, Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites used as Barrier Materials to Reduce
Volatile Emissions. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (2009)
75. M. Kuruma, B.N. Rao, T. Jana, Functionalized polybutadiene diol based hydrophobic, water
dispersible polyurethane nanocomposites: role of organo-clay structure. Polymer 99, 404–
416 (2016)
76. T. Kashiwagi, M. Mu, K. Winey, B. Cipriano, S. Raghavan, S. Pack, M. Rafailovich, Y.
Yang, E. Grulke, J. Shields, Relation between the viscoelastic and flammability properties of
polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 49, 4358–4368 (2008)
77. B. Schartel, M. Bartholmai, U. Knoll, Some comments on the main fire retardancy
mechanisms in polymer nanocomposites. Polym. Adv. Technol. 17, 772–777 (2006)
106
7 Polymer Nanocomposites for Fire Retardant Applications
a-zirconium phosphate modified with intumescent flame retardant and its application in poly
(lactic acid). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 1731–1737 (2013)
59. L. Xu, C. Lei, R. Xu, X. Zhang, F. Zhang, Hybridization of a-zirconium phosphate with
hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and its application in the flame retardant poly (vinyl alcohol)
composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 133, 378–388 (2016)
60. H. Lu, C.A. Wilkie, Study on intumescent flame retarded polystyrene composites with
improved flame retardancy. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 2388–2395 (2010)
61. Y. Pan, H. Pan, B. Yuan, N. Hong, J. Zhan, B. Wang, L. Song, Y. Hu, Construction of
organic–inorganic hybrid nano-coatings containing a-zirconium phosphate with high
efficiency for reducing fire hazards of flexible polyurethane foam. Mater. Chem. Phys.
163, 107–115 (2015)
62. K. Liu, X. Wang, S. Ding, Y. Li, W. Hua, Y. Yue, Z. Gao, Enhanced activity over alkyl/aryl
functionalized porous pillared-zirconium phosphates in liquid-phase reaction. J. Mol. Catal.
A: Chem. 380, 84–89 (2013)
63. R. Zhang, Y. Hu, B. Li, Z. Chen, W. Fan, Studies on the preparation and structure of
polyacrylamide/a-zirconium phosphate nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 42, 5641–5646
(2007)
64. M. Kuruma, S.S. Ray, N. Kumar, Enhanced thermo-mechanical stiffness, thermal stability,
and fire retardant performance of surface-modified 2D MoS 2 nanosheet-reinforced
polyurethane composites. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 304, 1800562 (2019)
65. M. Kuruma, J. Bandyopadhyay, S.S. Ray, Thermal degradation characteristic and flame
retardancy of polylactide-based nanobiocomposites. Molecules 23, 2648 (2018)
66. S.S. Ray, M. Okamoto, Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation
to processing. Prog. Polym. Sci. 28, 1539–1541 (2003)
67. S. Gaan, G. Sun, K. Hutches, M.H. Engelhard, Effect of nitrogen additives on flame
retardant action of tributyl phosphate: phosphorus–nitrogen synergism. Polym. Degrad.
Stab. 93, 99–108 (2008)
68. H. Singh, A. Jain, T. Sharma, Effect of phosphorus-nitrogen additives on fire retardancy of
rigid polyurethane foams. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 109, 2718–2728 (2008)
69. Q. Tai, R.K. Yuen, L. Song, Y. Hu, A novel polymeric flame retardant and exfoliated clay
nanocomposites: preparation and properties. Chem. Eng. J. 183, 542–549 (2012)
70. J. Zhu, P. Start, K.A. Mauritz, C.A. Wilkie, Thermal stability and flame retardancy of poly
(methyl methacrylate)-clay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 77, 253–258 (2002)
71. M. Si, V. Zaitsev, M. Goldman, A. Frenkel, D.G. Peiffer, E. Weil, J.C. Sokolov, M.H.
Rafailovich, Self-extinguishing polymer/organoclay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab.
92, 86–93 (2007)
72. L. Song, Y. Hu, Y. Tang, R. Zhang, Z. Chen, W. Fan, Study on the properties of flame
retardant polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 87, 111–116
(2005)
73. S. Ming, G. Chen, J. He, Y. Kuang, Y. Liu, R. Tao, H. Ning, P. Zhu, Y. Liu, Z. Fang, Highly
transparent and self-extinguishing nanofibrillated cellulose-monolayer clay nanoplatelet
hybrid films. Langmuir 33, 8455–8462 (2017)
74. J. Herrera-Alonso, Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites used as Barrier Materials to Reduce
Volatile Emissions. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (2009)
75. M. Kuruma, B.N. Rao, T. Jana, Functionalized polybutadiene diol based hydrophobic, water
dispersible polyurethane nanocomposites: role of organo-clay structure. Polymer 99, 404–
416 (2016)
76. T. Kashiwagi, M. Mu, K. Winey, B. Cipriano, S. Raghavan, S. Pack, M. Rafailovich, Y.
Yang, E. Grulke, J. Shields, Relation between the viscoelastic and flammability properties of
polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 49, 4358–4368 (2008)
77. B. Schartel, M. Bartholmai, U. Knoll, Some comments on the main fire retardancy
mechanisms in polymer nanocomposites. Polym. Adv. Technol. 17, 772–777 (2006)
106
7 Polymer Nanocomposites for Fire Retardant Applications