22. B. White, M. Yin, A. Hall, D. Le, S. Stolbov, T. Rahman, N. Turro, S. O’Brien,
Complete CO oxidation over Cu 2 O nanoparticles supported on silica gel. Nano Lett. 6,
2095–2098 (2006)
23. M.-J. Chen, Y.C. Lin, X.N. Wang, L. Zhong, Q.L. Li, Z.G. Liu, Influence of cuprous oxide
on enhancing the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resins containing
microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54, 12705–12713
(2015)
24. W. Xu, L. Liu, B. Zhang, Y. Hu, B. Xu, Effect of molybdenum trioxide-loaded graphene and
cuprous oxide-loaded graphene on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polyurethane
elastomer. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55, 4930–4941 (2016)
25. D. Wang, Y. Kan, X. Yu, J. Liu, L. Song, Y. Hu, In situ loading ultra-small Cu 2 O
nanoparticles on 2D hierarchical TiO 2 -graphene oxide dual-nanosheets: towards reducing
fire hazards of unsaturated polyester resin. J. Hazard. Mater. 320, 504–512 (2016)
26. M.J. Chen, X. Wang, X.L. Li, X.Y. Liu, L. Zhong, H.Z. Wang, Z.G. Liu, The synergistic
effect of cuprous oxide on an intumescent flame-retardant epoxy resin system. RSC Adv. 7,
35619–35628 (2017)
27. X. Wang, H. Pang, W. Chen, Y. Lin, L. Zong, G. Ning, Controllable fabrication of zinc
borate hierarchical nanostructure on brucite surface for enhanced mechanical properties and
flame retardant behaviors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 7223–7235 (2014)
28. D. McKee, Borate treatment of carbon fibers and carbon/carbon composites for improved
oxidation resistance. Carbon 24, 737–741 (1986)
29. F. Carpentier, S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, Rheological investigations in fire
retardancy: application to ethylene–vinyl-acetate copolymer–magnesium hydroxide/zinc
borate formulations. Polym. Int. 49, 1216–1221 (2000)
30. B. Guo, Y. Liu, Q. Zhang, F. Wang, Q. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Li, H. Yu, Efficient flame-retardant
and smoke-suppression properties of Mg–Al-layered double-hydroxide nanostructures on
wood substrate. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 23039–23047 (2017)
31. Z.B. Shao, C. Deng, Y. Tan, M.J. Chen, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Flame retardation of
polypropylene via a novel intumescent flame retardant: ethylenediamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 106, 88–96 (2014)
32. J. Wang, B. Yuan, X. Mu, X. Feng, Q. Tai, Y. Hu, Two-dimensional metal phenylphosphonates as novel flame retardants for polystyrene. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56, 7192–7206
(2017)
33. J.S. Wang, D.Y. Wang, Y. Liu, X.G. Ge, Y.Z. Wang, Polyamide-enhanced flame retardancy
of ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 108, 2644–2653 (2008)
34. J.S. Wang, Y. Liu, H.B. Zhao, J. Liu, D.Y. Wang, Y.P. Song, Y.Z. Wang, Metal
compound-enhanced flame retardancy of intumescent epoxy resins containing ammonium
polyphosphate. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 625–631 (2009)
35. L. Liu, Y. Zhang, L. Li, Z. Wang, Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate with epoxy
resin shell: preparation, characterization, and application in EP system. Polym. Adv.
Technol. 22, 2403–2408 (2011)
36. X. Jin, J. Sun, J.S. Zhang, X. Gu, S. Bourbigot, H. Li, W. Tang, S. Zhang, Preparation of a
novel intumescent flame retardant based on supramolecular interactions and its application in
polyamide 11. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 24964–24975 (2017)
37. Y. Tan, Z.B. Shao, L.X. Yu, Y.J. Xu, W.H. Rao, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Polyethyleneimine
modified ammonium polyphosphate toward polyamine-hardener for epoxy resin: thermal
stability, flame retardance and smoke suppression. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 131, 62–70 (2016)
38. B.W. Liu, H.B. Zhao, Y. Tan, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Novel crosslinkable epoxy resins
containing phenylacetylene and azobenzene groups: from thermal crosslinking to flame
retardance. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 122, 66–76 (2015)
39. T. Tirri, M. Aubert, C.-E. Wilén, R. Pfaendner, H. Hoppe, Novel tetrapotassium azo
diphosphonate (INAZO) as flame retardant for polyurethane adhesives. Polym. Degrad.
Stab. 97, 375–382 (2012)
104
7 Polymer Nanocomposites for Fire Retardant Applications
Complete CO oxidation over Cu 2 O nanoparticles supported on silica gel. Nano Lett. 6,
2095–2098 (2006)
23. M.-J. Chen, Y.C. Lin, X.N. Wang, L. Zhong, Q.L. Li, Z.G. Liu, Influence of cuprous oxide
on enhancing the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resins containing
microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54, 12705–12713
(2015)
24. W. Xu, L. Liu, B. Zhang, Y. Hu, B. Xu, Effect of molybdenum trioxide-loaded graphene and
cuprous oxide-loaded graphene on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polyurethane
elastomer. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55, 4930–4941 (2016)
25. D. Wang, Y. Kan, X. Yu, J. Liu, L. Song, Y. Hu, In situ loading ultra-small Cu 2 O
nanoparticles on 2D hierarchical TiO 2 -graphene oxide dual-nanosheets: towards reducing
fire hazards of unsaturated polyester resin. J. Hazard. Mater. 320, 504–512 (2016)
26. M.J. Chen, X. Wang, X.L. Li, X.Y. Liu, L. Zhong, H.Z. Wang, Z.G. Liu, The synergistic
effect of cuprous oxide on an intumescent flame-retardant epoxy resin system. RSC Adv. 7,
35619–35628 (2017)
27. X. Wang, H. Pang, W. Chen, Y. Lin, L. Zong, G. Ning, Controllable fabrication of zinc
borate hierarchical nanostructure on brucite surface for enhanced mechanical properties and
flame retardant behaviors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 7223–7235 (2014)
28. D. McKee, Borate treatment of carbon fibers and carbon/carbon composites for improved
oxidation resistance. Carbon 24, 737–741 (1986)
29. F. Carpentier, S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, Rheological investigations in fire
retardancy: application to ethylene–vinyl-acetate copolymer–magnesium hydroxide/zinc
borate formulations. Polym. Int. 49, 1216–1221 (2000)
30. B. Guo, Y. Liu, Q. Zhang, F. Wang, Q. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Li, H. Yu, Efficient flame-retardant
and smoke-suppression properties of Mg–Al-layered double-hydroxide nanostructures on
wood substrate. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 23039–23047 (2017)
31. Z.B. Shao, C. Deng, Y. Tan, M.J. Chen, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Flame retardation of
polypropylene via a novel intumescent flame retardant: ethylenediamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 106, 88–96 (2014)
32. J. Wang, B. Yuan, X. Mu, X. Feng, Q. Tai, Y. Hu, Two-dimensional metal phenylphosphonates as novel flame retardants for polystyrene. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56, 7192–7206
(2017)
33. J.S. Wang, D.Y. Wang, Y. Liu, X.G. Ge, Y.Z. Wang, Polyamide-enhanced flame retardancy
of ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 108, 2644–2653 (2008)
34. J.S. Wang, Y. Liu, H.B. Zhao, J. Liu, D.Y. Wang, Y.P. Song, Y.Z. Wang, Metal
compound-enhanced flame retardancy of intumescent epoxy resins containing ammonium
polyphosphate. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 625–631 (2009)
35. L. Liu, Y. Zhang, L. Li, Z. Wang, Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate with epoxy
resin shell: preparation, characterization, and application in EP system. Polym. Adv.
Technol. 22, 2403–2408 (2011)
36. X. Jin, J. Sun, J.S. Zhang, X. Gu, S. Bourbigot, H. Li, W. Tang, S. Zhang, Preparation of a
novel intumescent flame retardant based on supramolecular interactions and its application in
polyamide 11. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 24964–24975 (2017)
37. Y. Tan, Z.B. Shao, L.X. Yu, Y.J. Xu, W.H. Rao, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Polyethyleneimine
modified ammonium polyphosphate toward polyamine-hardener for epoxy resin: thermal
stability, flame retardance and smoke suppression. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 131, 62–70 (2016)
38. B.W. Liu, H.B. Zhao, Y. Tan, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Novel crosslinkable epoxy resins
containing phenylacetylene and azobenzene groups: from thermal crosslinking to flame
retardance. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 122, 66–76 (2015)
39. T. Tirri, M. Aubert, C.-E. Wilén, R. Pfaendner, H. Hoppe, Novel tetrapotassium azo
diphosphonate (INAZO) as flame retardant for polyurethane adhesives. Polym. Degrad.
Stab. 97, 375–382 (2012)
104
7 Polymer Nanocomposites for Fire Retardant Applications