60
certainly have increased tremendously since year zero (0) and the emissions of CO 2
jumped significantly within the year zero (255 ppm) and the year 1900 (300 ppm)
and then it has increased again at 400 ppm in the year 2019 [6–8]. Simply, this heattrapping gas CO 2 which is the derivative formation of fossil energy got fully depleted
into radioactive form of
14
C into the atmosphere, causing the changes of diurnal
temperature, melting polar ices, increasing water level, and eventually changing the
climate [9–11]. The simple solar radiation principle is that once sunlight reaches
earth, 70% of it is absorbed by earth surface, vegetation, and ocean surface [12–14].
The rest of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere due to the unsaturated
condition of the earth and biosphere which causes diurnal temperature changing
globally [6, 15, 16]. Naturally, it can be explained that the sunlight-colorful objects
and surfaces, like snow and clouds, tend to reflect most sunlight, while darker
objects and surfaces, like the ocean, forests, or soil, tend to absorb more sunlight
and yet nearly 30% of radiation is reflected back and creates climate change [3, 17,
18]. Subsequently, this climate changing impacts the global ecosystem dangerously
and causes flood, rainfall, and draught; influences agricultural crop yields; affects
human health; and influences changes in forests and other ecosystems occurring
throughout the world [19–21].
Since the unique aspects of geothermal heat are available everywhere in the
world which is also noted as a “clean natural” power supply which anyone can take
advantage of, this research discusses about drilling the earth to a certain depth to
reach the expectant-level temperature to get geothermal energy in situ [22–24].
Since the Earth Magna (which controls its geothermal gradient) varies, earth’s crust
has to be determined to have an average temperature of 3745 °C degrees with the
maximum depth of drilling to produce geothermal heat at a pressure of at least
220 bar to mitigate the net energy demand for a standard house or building daily.
Materials and Methods
In this research, an in situ technology of capturing the geothermal heat from Earth
Magna has been proposed to trap by the installation of “hydrothermal convection
pipe” systems by houses and buildings, where its water force is made to seep into
Earth Magna in order to force to rise up the heated water in the surface elevation of
houses and buildings [25–27]. Once this heated water reaches the surface elevation
of houses and buildings, it is then captured as steam and used to drive electric generators to deliver energy which is represented by P-h diagram (Fig. 4.1). Simply the
following diagram has been generated in order to effectively use geothermal energy
in situ for houses and buildings where a tube runs under the ground of the houses
and buildings in order to circulate into a house’s or a building’s heat pumping system.
Thereafter, the detailed energy generation has been calculated by further P-h
diagram plot analysis in order to clarify the intuitive and qualitative analysis of the
steam for evaluating the enthalpy of both kinetic and potential energy flow by
4 Geothermal Energy
certainly have increased tremendously since year zero (0) and the emissions of CO 2
jumped significantly within the year zero (255 ppm) and the year 1900 (300 ppm)
and then it has increased again at 400 ppm in the year 2019 [6–8]. Simply, this heattrapping gas CO 2 which is the derivative formation of fossil energy got fully depleted
into radioactive form of
14
C into the atmosphere, causing the changes of diurnal
temperature, melting polar ices, increasing water level, and eventually changing the
climate [9–11]. The simple solar radiation principle is that once sunlight reaches
earth, 70% of it is absorbed by earth surface, vegetation, and ocean surface [12–14].
The rest of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere due to the unsaturated
condition of the earth and biosphere which causes diurnal temperature changing
globally [6, 15, 16]. Naturally, it can be explained that the sunlight-colorful objects
and surfaces, like snow and clouds, tend to reflect most sunlight, while darker
objects and surfaces, like the ocean, forests, or soil, tend to absorb more sunlight
and yet nearly 30% of radiation is reflected back and creates climate change [3, 17,
18]. Subsequently, this climate changing impacts the global ecosystem dangerously
and causes flood, rainfall, and draught; influences agricultural crop yields; affects
human health; and influences changes in forests and other ecosystems occurring
throughout the world [19–21].
Since the unique aspects of geothermal heat are available everywhere in the
world which is also noted as a “clean natural” power supply which anyone can take
advantage of, this research discusses about drilling the earth to a certain depth to
reach the expectant-level temperature to get geothermal energy in situ [22–24].
Since the Earth Magna (which controls its geothermal gradient) varies, earth’s crust
has to be determined to have an average temperature of 3745 °C degrees with the
maximum depth of drilling to produce geothermal heat at a pressure of at least
220 bar to mitigate the net energy demand for a standard house or building daily.
Materials and Methods
In this research, an in situ technology of capturing the geothermal heat from Earth
Magna has been proposed to trap by the installation of “hydrothermal convection
pipe” systems by houses and buildings, where its water force is made to seep into
Earth Magna in order to force to rise up the heated water in the surface elevation of
houses and buildings [25–27]. Once this heated water reaches the surface elevation
of houses and buildings, it is then captured as steam and used to drive electric generators to deliver energy which is represented by P-h diagram (Fig. 4.1). Simply the
following diagram has been generated in order to effectively use geothermal energy
in situ for houses and buildings where a tube runs under the ground of the houses
and buildings in order to circulate into a house’s or a building’s heat pumping system.
Thereafter, the detailed energy generation has been calculated by further P-h
diagram plot analysis in order to clarify the intuitive and qualitative analysis of the
steam for evaluating the enthalpy of both kinetic and potential energy flow by
4 Geothermal Energy