468
Sustainable cities (cont.)
environmental perplexity, 347
fossil energy consumption, 348
functional temperature, 356
graphene silicon surface, 349
innovative technology, 349, 360
inverse saturation current, 353
mathematical model, 351
non-series (Ns) cells, 357
open-circuit voltage, 354
parameters, 350
photocurrent, 353
photon flux, 355
photonic thermal activation
mechanism, 352
photonic thermal energy conversion
modes, 356
photovoltaic array, 350
photovoltaic modules, 350
power conditioning efficiency, 352
radiation energy density, 351
relativistic temperature conditions, 357
semiconductor, 353
series-connected cells, 357
short-circuit current, 353
single-diode mode, 355
solar cell, 353
solar energy, 349
solar irradiance, 356, 357
solar panel, 349
solar radiation, 348, 352
solar thermal energy, 351
standard single diode, 353
thermal energy density, 355
three parallel circuits, 350
world energy consumption, 348
Sustainable environment, 343
Sustainable infrastructure, 154
SVPWM, 207
Synchronous generator, 218
Synchronous models, 207
T
Taguchi-DOE approach, 289
Temperature, 282, 283
Thermal photon production, 433
Thermal relativistic condition, 118
Thin-film composite (TFC) membranes, 247
Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN)
membranes, 247–249
Time-stepping algorithms, 230
TiO 2 photocatalysis
advancements, 269
heterogeneous (see Heterogeneous TiO 2
photocatalysis)
homogeneousphoto-Fenton reaction, 267
TiO 2 photo-disinfection, 283
TiO 2 slurry reactor, 284
Tip speed ratio (TSR), 179
Tip speed ratio equation, 205
Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), 250, 251, 262, 280
Topography, 229
Tornado-resistant PV panel, 111
Trace contaminant detection, 257, 258
Transformation mechanism, 420
Transmitted solar irradiance
emission and absorption, 83
Transpiration, 439, 440, 451, 452
Transpiration mechanism
filtration, 330
groundwater loss, 325
in situ water treatment, 329
static electric force, 326–330
total water demand, 326
UV application, 330
water vapor, 326, 331
Transportation, 338, 341, 342
Transportation sector
turbine modeling, 178–181
Tunnel junction (TJ), 445
Turbidity, 299
Turbine drive force, 180
Turbine modeling
transportation sector, 178–181
Turbulence function, 181
U
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)
DNA structure, 7
DNA/RNA, fatal pathogens, 6
EM, 4–6
exterior glazing wall, 5
glazing wall surface, 6
pathogens, 4, 5, 7
photonic electromagnetic field
generation, 4
photonic irradiance structure, 4
photo-physics radiation application, 5
sunlight, 4–6
Unconventional water sources, 238, 245
United Nations Conferences on Environment
and Development (UNCED), 403
Index
Sustainable cities (cont.)
environmental perplexity, 347
fossil energy consumption, 348
functional temperature, 356
graphene silicon surface, 349
innovative technology, 349, 360
inverse saturation current, 353
mathematical model, 351
non-series (Ns) cells, 357
open-circuit voltage, 354
parameters, 350
photocurrent, 353
photon flux, 355
photonic thermal activation
mechanism, 352
photonic thermal energy conversion
modes, 356
photovoltaic array, 350
photovoltaic modules, 350
power conditioning efficiency, 352
radiation energy density, 351
relativistic temperature conditions, 357
semiconductor, 353
series-connected cells, 357
short-circuit current, 353
single-diode mode, 355
solar cell, 353
solar energy, 349
solar irradiance, 356, 357
solar panel, 349
solar radiation, 348, 352
solar thermal energy, 351
standard single diode, 353
thermal energy density, 355
three parallel circuits, 350
world energy consumption, 348
Sustainable environment, 343
Sustainable infrastructure, 154
SVPWM, 207
Synchronous generator, 218
Synchronous models, 207
T
Taguchi-DOE approach, 289
Temperature, 282, 283
Thermal photon production, 433
Thermal relativistic condition, 118
Thin-film composite (TFC) membranes, 247
Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN)
membranes, 247–249
Time-stepping algorithms, 230
TiO 2 photocatalysis
advancements, 269
heterogeneous (see Heterogeneous TiO 2
photocatalysis)
homogeneousphoto-Fenton reaction, 267
TiO 2 photo-disinfection, 283
TiO 2 slurry reactor, 284
Tip speed ratio (TSR), 179
Tip speed ratio equation, 205
Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), 250, 251, 262, 280
Topography, 229
Tornado-resistant PV panel, 111
Trace contaminant detection, 257, 258
Transformation mechanism, 420
Transmitted solar irradiance
emission and absorption, 83
Transpiration, 439, 440, 451, 452
Transpiration mechanism
filtration, 330
groundwater loss, 325
in situ water treatment, 329
static electric force, 326–330
total water demand, 326
UV application, 330
water vapor, 326, 331
Transportation, 338, 341, 342
Transportation sector
turbine modeling, 178–181
Tunnel junction (TJ), 445
Turbidity, 299
Turbine drive force, 180
Turbine modeling
transportation sector, 178–181
Turbulence function, 181
U
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)
DNA structure, 7
DNA/RNA, fatal pathogens, 6
EM, 4–6
exterior glazing wall, 5
glazing wall surface, 6
pathogens, 4, 5, 7
photonic electromagnetic field
generation, 4
photonic irradiance structure, 4
photo-physics radiation application, 5
sunlight, 4–6
Unconventional water sources, 238, 245
United Nations Conferences on Environment
and Development (UNCED), 403
Index