381
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
M. F. Hossain, Global Sustainability in Energy, Building, Infrastructure,
Transportation, and Water Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62376-0_18
Chapter 18
Air
Abstract Currently, global carbon emission and sequestration rates are not in
equilibrium level; therefore, the global environment is currently under severe vulnerable condition, which threatens the survival of all living beings on earth. The
annual global carbon emission considering all forms of CO 2 emissions, including
the burning of fossil fuel and terrestrial land-use change, along with other related
factors and the global carbon sequestration by all sources, such as the ocean sink,
earth sink, absorption by terrestrial vegetation, and other associated factors, has
been estimated in this report to determine the acceleration of atmospheric CO 2 concentration. The estimate shows that the atmospheric CO 2 concentration has been
increasing at a rate of 2.11% ppm per year for the past several years, and it continues
to rapidly increase. It is well established that the toxic level of atmospheric CO 2
concentration is 60,000 ppm at which all living beings will die within 30 min. If the
current level of CO 2 emission is not stopped, all human race on earth will be extinct
[
400
60 000
2 11
2017
. %
,
]
(
)
∫
(
) in 121,017,712 years since the toxic level of CO 2 will reach
60,000 ppm within this time and thus it would be the end of story of human civilization on earth.
Keywords CO 2 emission · Air quality · Environmental vulnerability · Climate
change · Survival period of life on earth
Introduction
The annual average atmospheric CO 2 concentration is currently 400 ppm [1, 2].
Since the industrial revolution of the early 1990s, fossil fuels, deforestation, landuse change, and external forces have become the key sources of anthropogenic CO 2
that have caused the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere to rapidly increase and
change the global climate (Fig. 18.1).
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
M. F. Hossain, Global Sustainability in Energy, Building, Infrastructure,
Transportation, and Water Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62376-0_18
Chapter 18
Air
Abstract Currently, global carbon emission and sequestration rates are not in
equilibrium level; therefore, the global environment is currently under severe vulnerable condition, which threatens the survival of all living beings on earth. The
annual global carbon emission considering all forms of CO 2 emissions, including
the burning of fossil fuel and terrestrial land-use change, along with other related
factors and the global carbon sequestration by all sources, such as the ocean sink,
earth sink, absorption by terrestrial vegetation, and other associated factors, has
been estimated in this report to determine the acceleration of atmospheric CO 2 concentration. The estimate shows that the atmospheric CO 2 concentration has been
increasing at a rate of 2.11% ppm per year for the past several years, and it continues
to rapidly increase. It is well established that the toxic level of atmospheric CO 2
concentration is 60,000 ppm at which all living beings will die within 30 min. If the
current level of CO 2 emission is not stopped, all human race on earth will be extinct
[
400
60 000
2 11
2017
. %
,
]
(
)
∫
(
) in 121,017,712 years since the toxic level of CO 2 will reach
60,000 ppm within this time and thus it would be the end of story of human civilization on earth.
Keywords CO 2 emission · Air quality · Environmental vulnerability · Climate
change · Survival period of life on earth
Introduction
The annual average atmospheric CO 2 concentration is currently 400 ppm [1, 2].
Since the industrial revolution of the early 1990s, fossil fuels, deforestation, landuse change, and external forces have become the key sources of anthropogenic CO 2
that have caused the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere to rapidly increase and
change the global climate (Fig. 18.1).