27
R
R
e
E
0
1 cos T Z
or
R
R
e
0
1
E
cos T Z
With knowledge of ϖ, ε, and e from astrodynamical calculations [34] and S 0
from a consensus of observations or theory, Q
−day
can be calculated for any latitude
φ and θ. Because of the elliptical orbit, and as a consequence of Kepler’s second
law. Nevertheless, θ = 0° is considered as exactly the time of the vernal equinox,
θ = 90° is exactly the time of the summer solstice, θ = 180° is exactly the time of the
autumnal equinox, and θ = 270° is exactly the time of the winter solstice. Therefore,
the equation can be simplified for irradiance on a given day as follows:
Q S
n
§
©
¨
·
¹
¸
§
©
¨
·
¹
¸
0 1 0 034
2 365 25
.
cos
.
S
where n is the number of a day of the year and thus the solar characteristics for both
theoretical function of optimum and modular to generate electricity can be shown
per unit area (Fig. 2.6).
Eventually, a peak high-frequency cutoff Ω C of solar irradiance is calculated
to keep away the bifurcation of DOS from the earth surface. Necessarily, a tipped
high-frequency cutoff of earth surface Ω d is determined by controlling the positive DOS in 2D and 1D of the photon irradiance (Table 2.1). Hence pi 2 (x) acts as
an algorithm function and e rfc (x) acts as an additional function [28, 49]. Thus,
the DOS of earth surface, here represented as ϱ PC (ω), is determined by calculating photonic energy frequencies of Maxwell’s rules on the earth surface [2, 12,
32]. For a 1D on earth surface, the represented DOS is thus being expressed as
 PC
e
e
Z
Z Z
Z Z
v
1
4
, where  Θ(ω  −  ω e ) represents the Heaviside step
function and ω e expresses the frequency of the net solar energy generation [14, 23].
This DOS is thus determined to confirm a 3D isentropic function on the earth
surface to acquire an accurate net qualitative state of solar energy by inducing the
non-Weisskopf-Wigner mode of photons on the earth surface [14, 17, 50]. Naturally,
this 3D state will be the functional DOS into the PBE area of DOS:
 PC
e
e
Z
Z Z
Z Z
v
1
4
, and thus, it has been integrated to the net electricity
(EF) vector of earth surface to determine the net electricity energy generation accurately on the earth surface [15, 51]. Considering the 2D and 1D, the photonic energy
DOS is clarified by the pure algorithm of divergence which is close to the PBE, and
is thus expressed as ϱ PC (ω) ∝  − [ln|(ω − ω 0 )/ω 0 | − 1]Θ(ω − ω e ), where ω e denotes
the midpoint of tip algorithm (Table 2.1). The functional area J(ω) is thus clarified
Results and Discussion
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