19
K
KK
E
pvg
r pc
c
cref
ª ¬
º ¼
1
T T
(2.2)
η pc denotes the energy formation efficiency, when maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is implemented which is close to 1; here β denotes the temperature
cofactor (0.004–0.006 per °C); η r denotes the mode of energy efficiency; and T cref
denotes the condition of temperature at °C. The reference earth temperature (T cref )
can be rewritten by calculating from the equation below:
T T
G
c
a
t
NOCT
§
©
¨
·
¹
¸
20
800
(2.3)
T a denotes the ambient temperature in °C, G t denotes the solar radiation on earth
surface (W/m
2
), and thus it denotes the modest optimum earth temperature in
°C. Considering this temperature condition, the net solar radiation on earth surface
can be calculated by the equation below:
I I R I R
I I R
t
b b
d d
b
d
r
(2.4)
The solar energy here is necessarily working as a conceptual P-N junction superconductor in order to form electricity through the earth surface, which is interlinked
in a parallel series connection [25, 43, 44]. Thus, a unique conceptual circuit model,
as shown in Fig. 2.4, with respect to the N s series of earth surface and N p parallel
arrays has been computed by the following earth surface solar energy equation
based on current and volt relationship:
I N I
I
q V IR
AKTN
s
§
©
¨ ¨
·
¹
¸ ¸
ª
¬
«
«
º
¼
»
»
ª
¬
«
«
º
¼
»
»
p
p h
r s
s
exp
1
(2.5)
Fig. 2.4 The conceptual circuit diagram of the whole earth surface depicting the net photophysical current generation into the earth surface by detailing the model of I–V–R relationship in
order to use electricity throughout the world, respectively
Material, Methods, and Simulation