Entropy growth in Universe for spontaneous
changes, 219
Entropy growth potential, 2, 21, 129, 189, 198,
202, 203, 210–212, 214–216, 218, 219,
225, 226, 228, 229, 275, 290, 291, 294,
296, 297
Entropy principle, The, 2, 3, 57, 87, 91,
102–104, 107, 129–130, 143, 145, 157,
160, 161, 163, 167, 168, 173, 179, 186,
192, 193, 195, 235, 294
Euler equation, The, 243–245
Exergy, 56, 85, 86, 106, 130, 157, 158, 164,
168–172, 174–185, 186, 192, 210, 281,
283–285, 290, 294, 295
Exergy equation for open systems, 56
F
First Clausius theorem, The, 93, 94, 96, 97
First law of thermodynamics, The, 1, 2, 22,
37–39, 42–44, 81, 179, 277, 287, 294
Fundamental functions of state, 244
G
Gibbs free energy, 157, 163–167, 169, 180,
184, 185, 223
Gibbsian thermodynamics, 102, 131, 136, 137,
140, 242, 243, 294
Gibbs U-V-S surface, 91, 98
H
Heat, 1–6, 8, 10, 11, 17, 20–22, 25–39, 41–48,
48–53, 56–59, 61–70, 72–74, 77–85,
87–89, 93–95, 100, 103–106, 108, 125,
126, 129–132, 136, 139–141, 144,
150–152, 154, 155, 161, 162, 164, 167,
168, 171, 173, 178, 183–185, 189–193,
195–198, 201, 203–206, 210–225,
227–231, 240, 242, 247, 252, 254, 256,
260, 272, 273, 275–278, 280, 281,
287–291, 293–295, 297
Heat capacities, 33, 49–52, 57, 132, 206, 230,
231, 247, 248, 252
Heat capacity at constant pressure, 5, 32, 33, 49
Heat capacity at constant volume, 32, 33, 49
Heat transfer equation versus energy equation
for open systems involving shaft work,
277
Heat versus heat, 47
Helmholtz free energy, 163–165, 167
I
Ideal gases, 1, 11, 13–15, 19, 50–54, 57–59,
74–77, 99, 107, 119–122, 124, 132,
153, 203, 227, 228, 238, 244, 250, 252,
259, 260
Interconvertibility, 22, 88, 130, 190–193, 210,
211, 213, 215, 216, 225, 288, 294, 295,
297
Interconvertibility of heat and work, 88, 295
Internal energy, 2, 38–42, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51,
55–57, 75, 80, 85, 94, 105, 106, 110,
111, 113, 115–119, 130, 160–162, 171,
172, 198, 209, 217, 239, 240, 257, 271,
272, 279, 280
Isolated systems approaching internal
equilibrium (pure spontaneity), 202
J
Joule free expansion, 20, 50, 153, 203, 258
K
Kelvin–Planck statement, The, 62, 63, 81, 93,
191
L
Latent heat, 27, 30–32, 36, 48, 106, 151
Local thermodynamic equilibrium, 7, 142, 143, 195
M
Material exergy, 171, 172, 184
Maxwell relations, 246–248
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat (MEH), 22, 35,
37–39, 43–47, 56, 57, 61, 63, 66, 67,
70, 72, 78, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 105,
130, 131, 185, 189–191, 213, 216, 295
Mechanical Theory of Heat (MTH), 1–4, 25,
26, 38, 45, 61, 63, 80, 87, 88, 102, 106,
130, 131, 140, 184, 185, 189, 191, 192,
210–214, 218, 225, 226, 288, 294, 295,
297
MEH constant (J), The, 44
Mixtures of ideal gases, 14, 119
Multicomponent closed systems, 241
N
Nature of heat, The (the doctrine of heat as
energy), 4, 5, 26, 38
Non-reversible processes, 150, 276, 295
O
Open systems, 52, 56, 167, 169, 176, 183, 239,
240–242
P
Physical necessity, 275, 285–289, 293, 295,
296
300
Index
changes, 219
Entropy growth potential, 2, 21, 129, 189, 198,
202, 203, 210–212, 214–216, 218, 219,
225, 226, 228, 229, 275, 290, 291, 294,
296, 297
Entropy principle, The, 2, 3, 57, 87, 91,
102–104, 107, 129–130, 143, 145, 157,
160, 161, 163, 167, 168, 173, 179, 186,
192, 193, 195, 235, 294
Euler equation, The, 243–245
Exergy, 56, 85, 86, 106, 130, 157, 158, 164,
168–172, 174–185, 186, 192, 210, 281,
283–285, 290, 294, 295
Exergy equation for open systems, 56
F
First Clausius theorem, The, 93, 94, 96, 97
First law of thermodynamics, The, 1, 2, 22,
37–39, 42–44, 81, 179, 277, 287, 294
Fundamental functions of state, 244
G
Gibbs free energy, 157, 163–167, 169, 180,
184, 185, 223
Gibbsian thermodynamics, 102, 131, 136, 137,
140, 242, 243, 294
Gibbs U-V-S surface, 91, 98
H
Heat, 1–6, 8, 10, 11, 17, 20–22, 25–39, 41–48,
48–53, 56–59, 61–70, 72–74, 77–85,
87–89, 93–95, 100, 103–106, 108, 125,
126, 129–132, 136, 139–141, 144,
150–152, 154, 155, 161, 162, 164, 167,
168, 171, 173, 178, 183–185, 189–193,
195–198, 201, 203–206, 210–225,
227–231, 240, 242, 247, 252, 254, 256,
260, 272, 273, 275–278, 280, 281,
287–291, 293–295, 297
Heat capacities, 33, 49–52, 57, 132, 206, 230,
231, 247, 248, 252
Heat capacity at constant pressure, 5, 32, 33, 49
Heat capacity at constant volume, 32, 33, 49
Heat transfer equation versus energy equation
for open systems involving shaft work,
277
Heat versus heat, 47
Helmholtz free energy, 163–165, 167
I
Ideal gases, 1, 11, 13–15, 19, 50–54, 57–59,
74–77, 99, 107, 119–122, 124, 132,
153, 203, 227, 228, 238, 244, 250, 252,
259, 260
Interconvertibility, 22, 88, 130, 190–193, 210,
211, 213, 215, 216, 225, 288, 294, 295,
297
Interconvertibility of heat and work, 88, 295
Internal energy, 2, 38–42, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51,
55–57, 75, 80, 85, 94, 105, 106, 110,
111, 113, 115–119, 130, 160–162, 171,
172, 198, 209, 217, 239, 240, 257, 271,
272, 279, 280
Isolated systems approaching internal
equilibrium (pure spontaneity), 202
J
Joule free expansion, 20, 50, 153, 203, 258
K
Kelvin–Planck statement, The, 62, 63, 81, 93,
191
L
Latent heat, 27, 30–32, 36, 48, 106, 151
Local thermodynamic equilibrium, 7, 142, 143, 195
M
Material exergy, 171, 172, 184
Maxwell relations, 246–248
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat (MEH), 22, 35,
37–39, 43–47, 56, 57, 61, 63, 66, 67,
70, 72, 78, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 105,
130, 131, 185, 189–191, 213, 216, 295
Mechanical Theory of Heat (MTH), 1–4, 25,
26, 38, 45, 61, 63, 80, 87, 88, 102, 106,
130, 131, 140, 184, 185, 189, 191, 192,
210–214, 218, 225, 226, 288, 294, 295,
297
MEH constant (J), The, 44
Mixtures of ideal gases, 14, 119
Multicomponent closed systems, 241
N
Nature of heat, The (the doctrine of heat as
energy), 4, 5, 26, 38
Non-reversible processes, 150, 276, 295
O
Open systems, 52, 56, 167, 169, 176, 183, 239,
240–242
P
Physical necessity, 275, 285–289, 293, 295,
296
300
Index