81
65. Y. Wang, S. Zou, W.-B. Cai, Recent advances on electro-oxidation of ethanol on Pt- and
Pd-based catalysts: From reaction mechanisms to catalytic materials. Catalysis 5, 1507–1534
(2015)
66. M.Z.F. Kamarudin, S.K. Kamarudin, M.S. Masdar, W.R.W. Daud, Review: Direct ethanol fuel
cells. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 38, 9438–9453 (2013)
67. T. Iwasita, E. Pastor, A DEMS and FTIR spectroscopic investigation of adsorbed ethanol on
polycrystalline platinum. Electrochim. Acta 39, 531 (1994)
68. S.C.S. Lai, S.E.F. Kleyn, V. Rosca, M.T.M. Koper, Mechanism of the dissociation and electrooxidation of ethanol and acetaldehyde on platinum as studied by SERS. J. Phys. Chem. C 112,
19080 (2008)
69. M. Watanabe, S. Motoo, Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms: Part II. Enhancement of the oxidation
of methanol on platinum by ruthenium ad-atoms. J. Electroanal. Chem. 60, 267–273 (1975)
70. J.A.R. Van Veen, T. Frelink, W. Visscher, On the role of Ru and Sn as promotors of methanol
electro-oxidation over Pt. Surf. Sci. 335, 353–360 (1995)
71. U.B. Demirci, Theoretical means for searching bimetallic alloys as anode electrocatalysts for
direct liquid-feed fuel cells. J. Power Sources 173, 11 (2007)
72. H. Wang, Z. Jusus, R.J. Behm, Ethanol electrooxidation on a carbon-supported Pt catalyst:
Reaction kinetics and product yields. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 19413 (2004)
73. A. Kowal, M. Li, M. Shao, K. Sasaki, V.B. Vukmirovic, J. Zhang, N.S. Marinkovic, P. Liu,
A.I. Frenkel, R.R. Adzic, Ternary Pt/Rh/SnO2 electrocatalysts for oxidizing ethanol to CO2.
Nat. Mater. 8, 325–330 (2009)
74. H. Idriss, Ethanol reaction over the surfaces of noble metal/cerium oxide catalysts. Platin. Met.
Rev. 48(3), 105–115 (2004)
75. A. Haryanto, S. Fernando, N. Murali, S. Adhikari, Current status of hydrogen production techniques by steam reforming of ethanol: A review. Energy Fuel 19, 2098–2106 (2005)
76. M. Li, A. Kowal, K. Sasaki, N.S. Marinkovic, D. Su, E. Korach, P. Liu, R.R. Adzic, Ethanol oxidation on the ternary Pt-Rh-SnO2/C electrocatalysts with varied Pt:Rh:Sn ratios. Electrochim.
Acta 55, 4331–4338 (2010)
77. A. Kowal, S. Gojkovic, K.S. Leed, P. Olszewski, Y.-E. Sung, Synthesis, characterization and
electrocatalytic activity for ethanol oxidation of carbon supported Pt, Pt-Rh, Pt-SnO2 and
Pt-Rh-SnO2 nanoclusters. Electrochem. Commun. 11, 724–727 (2009)
78. W. Du, Q. Wang, C.A. LaScala, L. Zhang, D. Su, A.I. Frenkel, V.K. Mathura, X. Teng, Ternary
PtSnRh–SnO2 nanoclusters: Synthesis and electroactivity for ethanol oxidation fuel cell reaction. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 8887–8892 (2011)
79. Y. Choi, P. Liu, Understanding of ethanol decomposition on Rh(111) from density functional
theory and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Catal. Today 165, 64–70 (2011)
80. M. Li, D. Cullen, K. Sasaki, N.S. Marinkovic, K. More, R.R. Adzic, Ternary electrocatalysts
for oxidizing ethanol to carbon dioxide: Making Ir capable of splitting C–C bond. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 135, 132–141 (2013)
81. H.S. Kim, R.D. Morgan, B. Gurau, R.I. Masel, A miniature direct formic acid fuel cell battery.
J. Power Sources 188(1), 118–121 (2009)
82. X. Wang, J.-M. Hu, I.M. Hsing, Electrochemical investigation of formic acid electrooxidation
and its crossover through a Nafion membrane. J. Electroanal. Chem. 562(1), 73–80 (2004)
83. C. Rice, S. Ha, R.I. Masel, P. Waszcuk, A. Wieckowski, T. Barnard, Direct formic acid fuel
cells. J. Power Sources 111, 83–89 (2002)
84. A. Capon, R. Parsons, Oxidation of formic acid at noble metal electrodes, Part 3: Intermediates
and mechanism on platinum electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 45, 205–231 (1973)
85. N.M. Markovic, P.N. Ross Jr., Surface science studies of model fuel cell electrocatalysts. Surf.
Sci. Rep. 45, 117–229 (2002)
86. H. Miyake, T. Okada, G. Samjeske, M. Osawa, Formic acid electrooxidation on Pd in acidic
solutions studied by surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. Phys. Chem. Chem.
Phys. 10, 3662–3669 (2008)
References
65. Y. Wang, S. Zou, W.-B. Cai, Recent advances on electro-oxidation of ethanol on Pt- and
Pd-based catalysts: From reaction mechanisms to catalytic materials. Catalysis 5, 1507–1534
(2015)
66. M.Z.F. Kamarudin, S.K. Kamarudin, M.S. Masdar, W.R.W. Daud, Review: Direct ethanol fuel
cells. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 38, 9438–9453 (2013)
67. T. Iwasita, E. Pastor, A DEMS and FTIR spectroscopic investigation of adsorbed ethanol on
polycrystalline platinum. Electrochim. Acta 39, 531 (1994)
68. S.C.S. Lai, S.E.F. Kleyn, V. Rosca, M.T.M. Koper, Mechanism of the dissociation and electrooxidation of ethanol and acetaldehyde on platinum as studied by SERS. J. Phys. Chem. C 112,
19080 (2008)
69. M. Watanabe, S. Motoo, Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms: Part II. Enhancement of the oxidation
of methanol on platinum by ruthenium ad-atoms. J. Electroanal. Chem. 60, 267–273 (1975)
70. J.A.R. Van Veen, T. Frelink, W. Visscher, On the role of Ru and Sn as promotors of methanol
electro-oxidation over Pt. Surf. Sci. 335, 353–360 (1995)
71. U.B. Demirci, Theoretical means for searching bimetallic alloys as anode electrocatalysts for
direct liquid-feed fuel cells. J. Power Sources 173, 11 (2007)
72. H. Wang, Z. Jusus, R.J. Behm, Ethanol electrooxidation on a carbon-supported Pt catalyst:
Reaction kinetics and product yields. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 19413 (2004)
73. A. Kowal, M. Li, M. Shao, K. Sasaki, V.B. Vukmirovic, J. Zhang, N.S. Marinkovic, P. Liu,
A.I. Frenkel, R.R. Adzic, Ternary Pt/Rh/SnO2 electrocatalysts for oxidizing ethanol to CO2.
Nat. Mater. 8, 325–330 (2009)
74. H. Idriss, Ethanol reaction over the surfaces of noble metal/cerium oxide catalysts. Platin. Met.
Rev. 48(3), 105–115 (2004)
75. A. Haryanto, S. Fernando, N. Murali, S. Adhikari, Current status of hydrogen production techniques by steam reforming of ethanol: A review. Energy Fuel 19, 2098–2106 (2005)
76. M. Li, A. Kowal, K. Sasaki, N.S. Marinkovic, D. Su, E. Korach, P. Liu, R.R. Adzic, Ethanol oxidation on the ternary Pt-Rh-SnO2/C electrocatalysts with varied Pt:Rh:Sn ratios. Electrochim.
Acta 55, 4331–4338 (2010)
77. A. Kowal, S. Gojkovic, K.S. Leed, P. Olszewski, Y.-E. Sung, Synthesis, characterization and
electrocatalytic activity for ethanol oxidation of carbon supported Pt, Pt-Rh, Pt-SnO2 and
Pt-Rh-SnO2 nanoclusters. Electrochem. Commun. 11, 724–727 (2009)
78. W. Du, Q. Wang, C.A. LaScala, L. Zhang, D. Su, A.I. Frenkel, V.K. Mathura, X. Teng, Ternary
PtSnRh–SnO2 nanoclusters: Synthesis and electroactivity for ethanol oxidation fuel cell reaction. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 8887–8892 (2011)
79. Y. Choi, P. Liu, Understanding of ethanol decomposition on Rh(111) from density functional
theory and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Catal. Today 165, 64–70 (2011)
80. M. Li, D. Cullen, K. Sasaki, N.S. Marinkovic, K. More, R.R. Adzic, Ternary electrocatalysts
for oxidizing ethanol to carbon dioxide: Making Ir capable of splitting C–C bond. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 135, 132–141 (2013)
81. H.S. Kim, R.D. Morgan, B. Gurau, R.I. Masel, A miniature direct formic acid fuel cell battery.
J. Power Sources 188(1), 118–121 (2009)
82. X. Wang, J.-M. Hu, I.M. Hsing, Electrochemical investigation of formic acid electrooxidation
and its crossover through a Nafion membrane. J. Electroanal. Chem. 562(1), 73–80 (2004)
83. C. Rice, S. Ha, R.I. Masel, P. Waszcuk, A. Wieckowski, T. Barnard, Direct formic acid fuel
cells. J. Power Sources 111, 83–89 (2002)
84. A. Capon, R. Parsons, Oxidation of formic acid at noble metal electrodes, Part 3: Intermediates
and mechanism on platinum electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 45, 205–231 (1973)
85. N.M. Markovic, P.N. Ross Jr., Surface science studies of model fuel cell electrocatalysts. Surf.
Sci. Rep. 45, 117–229 (2002)
86. H. Miyake, T. Okada, G. Samjeske, M. Osawa, Formic acid electrooxidation on Pd in acidic
solutions studied by surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. Phys. Chem. Chem.
Phys. 10, 3662–3669 (2008)
References