165
I
In situ infrared reflection absorption
spectroscopy (IRRAS), 136
In situ IR spectroscopy, 93
In situ IRRAS spectra band assignments, 144
Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy
(IRRAS) study, 143
Inner Helmholtz plane (IHP), 3
Interfacial reactions, 1
Intermetallic compounds
electrocatalysts, 124
ORR catalyst, 126
ORR polarization curves, 125
PdPb nanoparticles, 124
Internal reflection element (IRE), 93
Iridium, 110
IrNi core–shell nanoparticle core, 109
K
Kinetic current density, 103
Kirkendall effect, 154
Koutecky−Levich equation, 113
Koutecky–Levich plots, 97
L
Liquid fuels, 135
Logarithmic dependence, 9
Low-index planes, 28, 30
M
Metal adlayers, 47, 48
Metal/gas interface, 30
Metal monolayers
adatoms, 46
adlayer structures, 45
catalytic properties, 47
electrodeposition, 42
metal adlayer structural behavior, 43
metal ions, 46
organic molecules, 48
single-crystal electrodes, 42
UPD adlayers, 48
UPD process, 46
Methanol oxidation
carbon atom, 136
Cu UPD monolayer, 136
DFT calculations, 137
MOR activity, 137
Methanol oxidation reaction, 69–71
Miller index, 30
Mixed Pt-Ru and Pt-Ir monolayers, 104
Modified alloy surfaces
Pd layer, 129
polarization curves, 128
segregated Pd layer, 128
Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), 25
Monolayer (ML), 138
Monolayer electrocatalyst approach, 162
Mösbauer spectroscopy, 44
Multimetallic alloy nanoparticle cores, 109
N
Nafion
® membranes, 22
Nanocrystals (NCs), 138
Nanoparticle surfaces, 38
Nanostructured catalysts, 139
Nanowires (NWs), 113
Neutral atoms, 66
Nitride-stabilized nonnoble metal
activity and stability, 129
electronic and geometric effects, 134
nonnoble metals, 130
ORR activity, 133
ORR polarization curve, 131
O
Ohmic resistance, 1
Optimum performance, 115
Organic molecules, 48
Outer Helmholtz plane (OHP), 3
Oxidation
in situ IRRAS study, 144
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER), 57, 76, 77
anodic reactions, 60
catalyst activity, 62
catalytic activity, 57
d-band theory, 63, 64
“direct” four-electron reduction, 58
effect of crystallographic orientation, 62
electrochemical, 63
electrochemical energy conversion, 57
electrochemical techniques, 60
exchange current density, 62
four-electron reduction mechanism, 58
fuel cell systems, 62
hydration sheet, 62
hydrogen peroxide, 59
isotopic experiments, 60
linear scaling relationships, 58
metal surfaces, 59
mixed-potential formation, 59
multielectron reaction, 58
open-circuit potential, 60
Index
I
In situ infrared reflection absorption
spectroscopy (IRRAS), 136
In situ IR spectroscopy, 93
In situ IRRAS spectra band assignments, 144
Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy
(IRRAS) study, 143
Inner Helmholtz plane (IHP), 3
Interfacial reactions, 1
Intermetallic compounds
electrocatalysts, 124
ORR catalyst, 126
ORR polarization curves, 125
PdPb nanoparticles, 124
Internal reflection element (IRE), 93
Iridium, 110
IrNi core–shell nanoparticle core, 109
K
Kinetic current density, 103
Kirkendall effect, 154
Koutecky−Levich equation, 113
Koutecky–Levich plots, 97
L
Liquid fuels, 135
Logarithmic dependence, 9
Low-index planes, 28, 30
M
Metal adlayers, 47, 48
Metal/gas interface, 30
Metal monolayers
adatoms, 46
adlayer structures, 45
catalytic properties, 47
electrodeposition, 42
metal adlayer structural behavior, 43
metal ions, 46
organic molecules, 48
single-crystal electrodes, 42
UPD adlayers, 48
UPD process, 46
Methanol oxidation
carbon atom, 136
Cu UPD monolayer, 136
DFT calculations, 137
MOR activity, 137
Methanol oxidation reaction, 69–71
Miller index, 30
Mixed Pt-Ru and Pt-Ir monolayers, 104
Modified alloy surfaces
Pd layer, 129
polarization curves, 128
segregated Pd layer, 128
Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), 25
Monolayer (ML), 138
Monolayer electrocatalyst approach, 162
Mösbauer spectroscopy, 44
Multimetallic alloy nanoparticle cores, 109
N
Nafion
® membranes, 22
Nanocrystals (NCs), 138
Nanoparticle surfaces, 38
Nanostructured catalysts, 139
Nanowires (NWs), 113
Neutral atoms, 66
Nitride-stabilized nonnoble metal
activity and stability, 129
electronic and geometric effects, 134
nonnoble metals, 130
ORR activity, 133
ORR polarization curve, 131
O
Ohmic resistance, 1
Optimum performance, 115
Organic molecules, 48
Outer Helmholtz plane (OHP), 3
Oxidation
in situ IRRAS study, 144
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER), 57, 76, 77
anodic reactions, 60
catalyst activity, 62
catalytic activity, 57
d-band theory, 63, 64
“direct” four-electron reduction, 58
effect of crystallographic orientation, 62
electrochemical, 63
electrochemical energy conversion, 57
electrochemical techniques, 60
exchange current density, 62
four-electron reduction mechanism, 58
fuel cell systems, 62
hydration sheet, 62
hydrogen peroxide, 59
isotopic experiments, 60
linear scaling relationships, 58
metal surfaces, 59
mixed-potential formation, 59
multielectron reaction, 58
open-circuit potential, 60
Index