Pollinator Trapping in Carnivorous Plants
30
Kazuki Tagawa
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
2 Empirical Studies on Pollinator Trapping in Carnivorous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
2.1 Adhesive Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
2.2 Pitfall Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
2.3 Snap Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
3 Carnivorous Plant Signals and Pollinator Trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
3.1 Visual Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
3.2 Chemical Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
4 Effects of Co-occurring Plants on Pollinator Trapping by Carnivorous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
5 Evolution of Pollinators to Avoid Carnivorous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Abstract
Carnivorous plants use insects not only as prey for nutrient supplementation but
also as pollinators for sexual reproduction. Consequently, when these plants have
flowers and trap leaves simultaneously, there is a risk that they will trap mutualistic pollinators. Pollinator trapping can have various fitness consequences for
carnivorous plants depending on which factors are limiting their fitness at a given
time. Thus, plants that are pollen limited will be negatively impacted by pollinator
trapping, whereas those that are nutrient limited will benefit from this. Carnivorous plants have evolved diverse characteristics to manage pollinator trapping
based on these fitness-limiting factors. In this chapter, I discuss these characteristics with a particular focus on visual and chemical traits resulting from the
K. Tagawa (*)
Department of Early-Childhood Care and Education, Tottori College, Kurayoshi City, Tottori Pref.,
Japan
e-mail: hin@kyudai.jp
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites,
Reference Series in Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_56
775
30
Kazuki Tagawa
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
2 Empirical Studies on Pollinator Trapping in Carnivorous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
2.1 Adhesive Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
2.2 Pitfall Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
2.3 Snap Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
3 Carnivorous Plant Signals and Pollinator Trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
3.1 Visual Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
3.2 Chemical Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
4 Effects of Co-occurring Plants on Pollinator Trapping by Carnivorous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
5 Evolution of Pollinators to Avoid Carnivorous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Abstract
Carnivorous plants use insects not only as prey for nutrient supplementation but
also as pollinators for sexual reproduction. Consequently, when these plants have
flowers and trap leaves simultaneously, there is a risk that they will trap mutualistic pollinators. Pollinator trapping can have various fitness consequences for
carnivorous plants depending on which factors are limiting their fitness at a given
time. Thus, plants that are pollen limited will be negatively impacted by pollinator
trapping, whereas those that are nutrient limited will benefit from this. Carnivorous plants have evolved diverse characteristics to manage pollinator trapping
based on these fitness-limiting factors. In this chapter, I discuss these characteristics with a particular focus on visual and chemical traits resulting from the
K. Tagawa (*)
Department of Early-Childhood Care and Education, Tottori College, Kurayoshi City, Tottori Pref.,
Japan
e-mail: hin@kyudai.jp
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites,
Reference Series in Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_56
775