to the floral development and the moment of pollen release and stigma receptivity.
This synchrony is even more remarkable when we consider that some species have
diversified their floral resources and may have two or more types of floral glands,
increasing the possibilities of crossbreeding by different groups of pollinators. These
factors associated with the existence of internal glands, such as the resin ducts
of Clusia, which release their secretion on the surface of the androecium during
anthesis, demonstrate the high degree of specialization some flowers reached during
plant evolution and how complex the analysis of pollination biology can be.
Acknowledgments This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de
Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES), Finance Code 001. ACA is grateful to FAPESP for
funding research assistance under process No. 2012/51781-0. We thank K. B. Gagliardi, N. Streher,
R. Jahn, D. L. Borges, and L. Eggers for contributing photos.
References
1. Glover BJ (2007) Understanding flowers and flowering: an integrated approach.
Oxford University Press, Oxford
2. Wilcock C, Neiland R (2002) Pollination failure in plants: why it happens and when it matters.
Trends Plant Sci 7:270–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02258-6
3. Westercamp C (1996) Pollen in bee-flower relations: some considerations on melittophily.
Bot Acta 109:325–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00580.x
4. Varassin IG, Amaral-Neto LP (2014) Atrativos. In: Rech AR, Agostini K, Oliveira PE,
Machado IC (eds) Biologia da polinização. Editora Projeto Cultural, Rio de Janeiro
5. Renner SS, Ricklefs RE (1995) Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants. Am J Bot
82:596–606. https://doi.org/10.2307/2445418
6. Westercamp C (2004) Flores e abelhas na disputa. Ciência Hoje 34:66–68
7. Lunau K (2006) Stamens and mimic stamens as components of floral colour patterns.
Bot Jahrb Syst 127:13–41. https://doi.org/10.1127/0006-8152/2006/0127-0013
8. Vogel S (1990) The role of scent glands in pollination: on the structure and function of
osmophores. Amerind, New Delhi
9. Endress PK (1994) Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers. Cambridge
University Press, New York
10. Fahn A (1979) Secretory tissue in plants. Academic, London
11. Fahn A (2002) Functions and location of secretory tissues in plants and their possible
evolutionary trends. Isr J Plant Sci 50:S59–S64. https://doi.org/10.1560/LJUT-M857-TCB63FX5
12. Evert RF (2006) Esau’s plant anatomy: meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant body: their
structure, function, and development, 3rd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
13. Gonçalves-Souza P, Schlindwein C, Paiva EAS (2018) Floral resins of Philodendron
adamantium (Araceae): secretion, release and synchrony with pollinator. Acta Bot Bras
32(3):392–401. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062018abb0115
14. Bernardello G (2007) A systematic survey of floral nectaries. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M,
Pacini E (eds) Nectaries and nectar. Springer, Dordrecht
15. Durkee LT (1983) The ultrastructure of floral and extrafloral nectaries. In: Bentley B, Elias T
(eds) The biology of nectaries. Columbia University Press, New York
16. Nepi M (2007) Nectary structure and ultrastructure. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M, Pacini E (eds)
Nectaries and nectar. Springer, Dordrecht
740
E. D. Tölke et al.
This synchrony is even more remarkable when we consider that some species have
diversified their floral resources and may have two or more types of floral glands,
increasing the possibilities of crossbreeding by different groups of pollinators. These
factors associated with the existence of internal glands, such as the resin ducts
of Clusia, which release their secretion on the surface of the androecium during
anthesis, demonstrate the high degree of specialization some flowers reached during
plant evolution and how complex the analysis of pollination biology can be.
Acknowledgments This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de
Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES), Finance Code 001. ACA is grateful to FAPESP for
funding research assistance under process No. 2012/51781-0. We thank K. B. Gagliardi, N. Streher,
R. Jahn, D. L. Borges, and L. Eggers for contributing photos.
References
1. Glover BJ (2007) Understanding flowers and flowering: an integrated approach.
Oxford University Press, Oxford
2. Wilcock C, Neiland R (2002) Pollination failure in plants: why it happens and when it matters.
Trends Plant Sci 7:270–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02258-6
3. Westercamp C (1996) Pollen in bee-flower relations: some considerations on melittophily.
Bot Acta 109:325–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00580.x
4. Varassin IG, Amaral-Neto LP (2014) Atrativos. In: Rech AR, Agostini K, Oliveira PE,
Machado IC (eds) Biologia da polinização. Editora Projeto Cultural, Rio de Janeiro
5. Renner SS, Ricklefs RE (1995) Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants. Am J Bot
82:596–606. https://doi.org/10.2307/2445418
6. Westercamp C (2004) Flores e abelhas na disputa. Ciência Hoje 34:66–68
7. Lunau K (2006) Stamens and mimic stamens as components of floral colour patterns.
Bot Jahrb Syst 127:13–41. https://doi.org/10.1127/0006-8152/2006/0127-0013
8. Vogel S (1990) The role of scent glands in pollination: on the structure and function of
osmophores. Amerind, New Delhi
9. Endress PK (1994) Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers. Cambridge
University Press, New York
10. Fahn A (1979) Secretory tissue in plants. Academic, London
11. Fahn A (2002) Functions and location of secretory tissues in plants and their possible
evolutionary trends. Isr J Plant Sci 50:S59–S64. https://doi.org/10.1560/LJUT-M857-TCB63FX5
12. Evert RF (2006) Esau’s plant anatomy: meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant body: their
structure, function, and development, 3rd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
13. Gonçalves-Souza P, Schlindwein C, Paiva EAS (2018) Floral resins of Philodendron
adamantium (Araceae): secretion, release and synchrony with pollinator. Acta Bot Bras
32(3):392–401. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062018abb0115
14. Bernardello G (2007) A systematic survey of floral nectaries. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M,
Pacini E (eds) Nectaries and nectar. Springer, Dordrecht
15. Durkee LT (1983) The ultrastructure of floral and extrafloral nectaries. In: Bentley B, Elias T
(eds) The biology of nectaries. Columbia University Press, New York
16. Nepi M (2007) Nectary structure and ultrastructure. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M, Pacini E (eds)
Nectaries and nectar. Springer, Dordrecht
740
E. D. Tölke et al.