factors, as is the transfer of stilbene compounds into the wine. Maximum skin
contact with the must and minimum amounts of fining agent is recommended.
However, the production of stilbene-enriched wines is a complex process which
is difficult to standardize.
Keywords
Bioactive · Phytoalexins · Trans-resveratrol · ε-Viniferin · Induction · Dm ·
Stress · Elicitors · Biosynthesis · Functional
Abbreviations
BTH
Benzothiadiazole
C4H
Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase
CHIT
Chitosan
Dm
Time required for reaching maximum concentration of resveratrol
f.w.
Fresh weight
MEJA Methyl jasmonate
OZ
Ozone
PAL
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase
STS
Stilbene synthase
TAL
Tyrosine ammonia lyase
US
Ultrasonication
UVC
Ultraviolet C light
1
Introduction
Stilbene are natural non-flavonoid phenolic compounds that are synthesized
by a wide range of plant families: Pinaceae, Moraceae, Liliaceae, Myrtaceae,
Fagaceae, Gnetaceae, Cyperaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Leguminosae, and
Vitaceae. Although polyphenols display enormous chemical diversity, stilbenes
seem to constitute a rather restricted group of molecules, the skeleton of which is
based on resveratrol (3,4
0 ,5-trihydroxystilbene), with a structure consisting of two
aromatic rings substituted by hydroxyl groups linked by an ethyl bridge, especially
in Vitaceae and Fabaceae, and also based on pinosylvin (3,5-dihydroxystilbene)
in Pinaceae [1].
In Vitis a number of different hydroxystilbenes are present in several parts of the
grapevine as constitutive compounds of the lignified organs (roots, canes, seeds, and
stems), and as induced substances (in leaves and berries) acting as phytoalexins in
the mechanisms of grape resistance against pathogens.
As phytoalexins, stilbenoids are induced by infections and mechanical stress,
such as that caused by UV damage or insects. Their production affords protection
against many Vitis pathogens. Stilbenoids are, therefore, of great interest due to
their activity defending vines from many devastating diseases and pests.
In fact, stilbenoids have recently been reported to be effective against
Plasmopara viticola [2, 3], and one of their potential uses is therefore as a naturally
624
S. Cruz et al.
contact with the must and minimum amounts of fining agent is recommended.
However, the production of stilbene-enriched wines is a complex process which
is difficult to standardize.
Keywords
Bioactive · Phytoalexins · Trans-resveratrol · ε-Viniferin · Induction · Dm ·
Stress · Elicitors · Biosynthesis · Functional
Abbreviations
BTH
Benzothiadiazole
C4H
Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase
CHIT
Chitosan
Dm
Time required for reaching maximum concentration of resveratrol
f.w.
Fresh weight
MEJA Methyl jasmonate
OZ
Ozone
PAL
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase
STS
Stilbene synthase
TAL
Tyrosine ammonia lyase
US
Ultrasonication
UVC
Ultraviolet C light
1
Introduction
Stilbene are natural non-flavonoid phenolic compounds that are synthesized
by a wide range of plant families: Pinaceae, Moraceae, Liliaceae, Myrtaceae,
Fagaceae, Gnetaceae, Cyperaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Leguminosae, and
Vitaceae. Although polyphenols display enormous chemical diversity, stilbenes
seem to constitute a rather restricted group of molecules, the skeleton of which is
based on resveratrol (3,4
0 ,5-trihydroxystilbene), with a structure consisting of two
aromatic rings substituted by hydroxyl groups linked by an ethyl bridge, especially
in Vitaceae and Fabaceae, and also based on pinosylvin (3,5-dihydroxystilbene)
in Pinaceae [1].
In Vitis a number of different hydroxystilbenes are present in several parts of the
grapevine as constitutive compounds of the lignified organs (roots, canes, seeds, and
stems), and as induced substances (in leaves and berries) acting as phytoalexins in
the mechanisms of grape resistance against pathogens.
As phytoalexins, stilbenoids are induced by infections and mechanical stress,
such as that caused by UV damage or insects. Their production affords protection
against many Vitis pathogens. Stilbenoids are, therefore, of great interest due to
their activity defending vines from many devastating diseases and pests.
In fact, stilbenoids have recently been reported to be effective against
Plasmopara viticola [2, 3], and one of their potential uses is therefore as a naturally
624
S. Cruz et al.