19. Akamatsu A et al (2013) An OsCEBiP/OsCERK1-OsRacGEF1-OsRac1 module is an essential
early component of chitin-induced rice immunity. Cell Host Microbe 13:465–476. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.chom.2013.03.007
20. Kishi-Kaboshi M et al (2010) A rice fungal MAMP-responsive MAPK cascade regulates
metabolic flow to antimicrobial metabolite synthesis. Plant J 63:599–612. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04264.x
21. Shimizu T et al (2010) Two LysM receptor molecules, CEBiP and OsCERK1, cooperatively
regulate chitin elicitor signaling in rice. Plant J 64:204–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365313X.2010.04324.x
22. Shinya T, Motoyama N, Ikeda A, Wada M, Kamiya K, Hayafune M, Kaku H, Shibuya N (2012)
Functional characterization of CEBiP and CERK1 homologs in arabidopsis and rice reveals the
presence of different chitin receptor systems in plants. Plant Cell Physiol 53:1696–1706. https://
doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcs113
23. Liu TT et al (2012) Chitin-induced dimerization activates a plant immune receptor. Science
336:1160–1164. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1218867
24. Wan JR, Tanaka K, Zhang XC, Son GH, Brechenmacher L, Tran HNN, Stacey G (2012) LYK4,
a lysin motif receptor-like kinase, is important for chitin signaling and plant innate immunity in
arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 160:396–406. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.201699
25. Shen Y, Liu N, Li C, Wang X, Xu X, Chen W, Xing G, Zheng W (2017) The early response
during the interaction of fungal phytopathogen and host plant. Open Biol 7. https://doi.org/
10.1098/rsob.170057
26. Brueggeman R, Rostoks N, Kudrna D, Kilian A, Han F, Chen J, Druka A, Steffenson B,
Kleinhofs A (2002) The barley stem rust-resistance gene Rpg1 is a novel disease-resistance
gene with homology to receptor kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:9328–9333. https://doi.
org/10.1073/pnas.142284999
27. Nirmala J, Drader T, Chen X, Steffenson B, Kleinhofs A (2010) Stem rust spores elicit rapid
RPG1 phosphorylation. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 23:1635–1642. https://doi.org/10.1094/
MPMI-06-10-0136
28. Nirmala J, Brueggeman R, Maier C, Clay C, Rostoks N, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D,
Steffenson BJ, Kleinhofs A (2006) Subcellular localization and functions of the barley stem rust
resistance receptor-like serine/threonine-specific protein kinase Rpg1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
103:7518–7523. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602379103
29. Mandadi KK, Scholthof KBG (2013) Plant immune responses against viruses: how does a virus
cause disease? Plant Cell 25:1489–1505. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.111658
30. Korner CJ, Klauser D, Niehl A, Dominguez-Ferreras A, Chinchilla D, Boller T, Heinlein M, Hann
DR (2013) The immunity regulator BAK1 contributes to resistance against diverse RNA viruses.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact 26:1271–1280. https://doi.org/10.1094/Mpmi-06-13-0179-R
31. Incarbone M, Dunoyer P (2013) RNA silencing and its suppression: novel insights from in
planta analyses. Trends Plant Sci 18:382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2013.04.001
32. Kube M et al (2014) Analysis of the complete genomes of Acholeplasma brassicae, A. palmae
and A. laidlawii and their comparison to the obligate parasites from ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’.
J Mol Microb Biotech 24:19–36. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354322
33. Win J et al (2012) Effector biology of plant-associated organisms: concepts and perspectives.
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 77:235–247. https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2012.77.015933
34. MacLean AM, Sugio A, Makarova OV, Findlay KC, Grieve VM, Toth R, Nicolaisen M, Hogenhout
SA (2011) Phytoplasma effector SAP54 induces indeterminate leaf-like flower development in
Arabidopsis plants. Plant Physiol 157:831–841. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.181586
35. Toruno TY, Music MS, Simi S, Nicolaisen M, Hogenhout SA (2010) Phytoplasma PMU1 exists
as linear chromosomal and circular extrachromosomal elements and has enhanced expression in
insect vectors compared with plant hosts. Mol Microbiol 77:1406–1415. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07296.x
36. Caillaud MC, Wirthmueller L, Fabro G, Piquerez SJ, Asai S, Ishaque N, Jones JD (2012)
Mechanisms of nuclear suppression of host immunity by effectors from the Arabidopsis downy
mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol
77:285–293. https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2012.77.015115
24 Decrypting Early Perception of Biotic Stress on Plants
589
early component of chitin-induced rice immunity. Cell Host Microbe 13:465–476. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.chom.2013.03.007
20. Kishi-Kaboshi M et al (2010) A rice fungal MAMP-responsive MAPK cascade regulates
metabolic flow to antimicrobial metabolite synthesis. Plant J 63:599–612. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04264.x
21. Shimizu T et al (2010) Two LysM receptor molecules, CEBiP and OsCERK1, cooperatively
regulate chitin elicitor signaling in rice. Plant J 64:204–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365313X.2010.04324.x
22. Shinya T, Motoyama N, Ikeda A, Wada M, Kamiya K, Hayafune M, Kaku H, Shibuya N (2012)
Functional characterization of CEBiP and CERK1 homologs in arabidopsis and rice reveals the
presence of different chitin receptor systems in plants. Plant Cell Physiol 53:1696–1706. https://
doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcs113
23. Liu TT et al (2012) Chitin-induced dimerization activates a plant immune receptor. Science
336:1160–1164. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1218867
24. Wan JR, Tanaka K, Zhang XC, Son GH, Brechenmacher L, Tran HNN, Stacey G (2012) LYK4,
a lysin motif receptor-like kinase, is important for chitin signaling and plant innate immunity in
arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 160:396–406. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.201699
25. Shen Y, Liu N, Li C, Wang X, Xu X, Chen W, Xing G, Zheng W (2017) The early response
during the interaction of fungal phytopathogen and host plant. Open Biol 7. https://doi.org/
10.1098/rsob.170057
26. Brueggeman R, Rostoks N, Kudrna D, Kilian A, Han F, Chen J, Druka A, Steffenson B,
Kleinhofs A (2002) The barley stem rust-resistance gene Rpg1 is a novel disease-resistance
gene with homology to receptor kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:9328–9333. https://doi.
org/10.1073/pnas.142284999
27. Nirmala J, Drader T, Chen X, Steffenson B, Kleinhofs A (2010) Stem rust spores elicit rapid
RPG1 phosphorylation. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 23:1635–1642. https://doi.org/10.1094/
MPMI-06-10-0136
28. Nirmala J, Brueggeman R, Maier C, Clay C, Rostoks N, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D,
Steffenson BJ, Kleinhofs A (2006) Subcellular localization and functions of the barley stem rust
resistance receptor-like serine/threonine-specific protein kinase Rpg1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
103:7518–7523. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602379103
29. Mandadi KK, Scholthof KBG (2013) Plant immune responses against viruses: how does a virus
cause disease? Plant Cell 25:1489–1505. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.111658
30. Korner CJ, Klauser D, Niehl A, Dominguez-Ferreras A, Chinchilla D, Boller T, Heinlein M, Hann
DR (2013) The immunity regulator BAK1 contributes to resistance against diverse RNA viruses.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact 26:1271–1280. https://doi.org/10.1094/Mpmi-06-13-0179-R
31. Incarbone M, Dunoyer P (2013) RNA silencing and its suppression: novel insights from in
planta analyses. Trends Plant Sci 18:382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2013.04.001
32. Kube M et al (2014) Analysis of the complete genomes of Acholeplasma brassicae, A. palmae
and A. laidlawii and their comparison to the obligate parasites from ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’.
J Mol Microb Biotech 24:19–36. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354322
33. Win J et al (2012) Effector biology of plant-associated organisms: concepts and perspectives.
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 77:235–247. https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2012.77.015933
34. MacLean AM, Sugio A, Makarova OV, Findlay KC, Grieve VM, Toth R, Nicolaisen M, Hogenhout
SA (2011) Phytoplasma effector SAP54 induces indeterminate leaf-like flower development in
Arabidopsis plants. Plant Physiol 157:831–841. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.181586
35. Toruno TY, Music MS, Simi S, Nicolaisen M, Hogenhout SA (2010) Phytoplasma PMU1 exists
as linear chromosomal and circular extrachromosomal elements and has enhanced expression in
insect vectors compared with plant hosts. Mol Microbiol 77:1406–1415. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07296.x
36. Caillaud MC, Wirthmueller L, Fabro G, Piquerez SJ, Asai S, Ishaque N, Jones JD (2012)
Mechanisms of nuclear suppression of host immunity by effectors from the Arabidopsis downy
mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol
77:285–293. https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2012.77.015115
24 Decrypting Early Perception of Biotic Stress on Plants
589