References
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Bot 66:435–448. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru480
2. Pel MJC, Pieterse CMJ (2013) Microbial recognition and evasion of host immunity. J Exp Bot
64:1237–1248. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers262
3. Trda L, Boutrot F, Claverie J, Brule D, Dorey S, Poinssot B (2015) Perception of pathogenic or
beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the
frontline. Front Plant Sci 6:219. https://doi.org/10.3389/Fpls.2015.00219
4. Newman MA, Sundelin T, Nielsen JT, Erbs G (2013) MAMP (microbe-associated molecular
pattern) triggered immunity in plants. Front Plant Sci 4:139. https://doi.org/10.3389/
Fpls.2013.00139
5. Zipfel C (2014) Plant pattern-recognition receptors. Trends Immunol 35:345–351. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.it.2014.05.004
6. Sakamoto T, Deguchi M, Brustolini OJB, Santos AA, Silva FF, Fontes EPB (2012) The tomato
RLK superfamily: phylogeny and functional predictions about the role of the LRRII-RLK subfamily in antiviral defense. BMC Plant Biol 12:229. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-12-229
7. Liu JY, Chen NN, Grant JN, Cheng ZM, Stewart CN, Hewezi T (2015) Soybean kinome:
functional classification and gene expression patterns. J Exp Bot 66:1919–1934. https://doi.org/
10.1093/jxb/eru537
8. Liu WD, Liu JL, Triplett L, Leach JE, Wang GL (2014) Novel insights into rice innate immunity
against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 52:213–241. https://doi.org/
10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926
9. Cui HT, Tsuda K, Parker JE (2015) Effector-triggered immunity: from pathogen perception to
robust defense. Annu Rev Plant Biol 66:487–511. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant050213-040012
10. Bricchi I, Bertea CM, Occhipinti A, Paponov IA, Maffei ME (2012) Dynamics of membrane
potential variation and gene expression induced by Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae, and
Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 7(10):e46673. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046673
11. Wu SJ, Shan LB, He P (2014) Microbial signature-triggered plant defense responses and early
signaling mechanisms. Plant Sci 228:118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.001
12. Sun YD, Li L, Macho AP, Han ZF, Hu ZH, Zipfel C, Zhou JM, Chai JJ (2013) Structural basis
for flg22-induced activation of the arabidopsis FLS2-BAK1 immune complex. Science
342:624–628. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243825
13. Schulze B, Mentzel T, Jehle AK, Mueller K, Beeler S, Boller T, Felix G, Chinchilla D (2010)
Rapid heteromerization and phosphorylation of ligand-activated plant transmembrane receptors
and their associated kinase BAK1. J Biol Chem 285:9444–9451. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.
M109.096842
14. Jeworutzki E, Roelfsema MRG, Anschutz U, Krol E, Elzenga JTM, Felix G, Boller T,
Hedrich R, Becker D (2010) Early signaling through the Arabidopsis pattern recognition
receptors FLS2 and EFR involves Ca2+Àassociated opening of plasma membrane anion
channels. Plant J 62:367–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04155.x
15. Willmann R et al (2011) Arabidopsis lysin-motif proteins LYM1 LYM3 CERK1 mediate
bacterial peptidoglycan sensing and immunity to bacterial infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
108:19824–19829. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112862108
16. Liu B et al (2012) Lysin motif-containing proteins LYP4 and LYP6 play dual roles in peptidoglycan and chitin perception in rice innate immunity. Plant Cell 24:3406–3419. https://doi.org/
10.1105/tpc.112.102475
17. De Jonge R et al (2010) Conserved fungal LysM effector Ecp6 prevents chitin-triggered
immunity in plants. Science 329:953–955. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190859
18. Cao YR, Liang Y, Tanaka K, Nguyen CT, Jedrzejczak RP, Joachimiak A, Stacey G (2014) The
kinase LYK5 is a major chitin receptor in Arabidopsis and forms a chitin-induced complex with
related kinase CERK1. Elife 3. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03766
588
S. A. Zebelo
1. Zebelo SA, Maffei ME (2015) Role of early signalling events in plant-insect interactions. J Exp
Bot 66:435–448. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru480
2. Pel MJC, Pieterse CMJ (2013) Microbial recognition and evasion of host immunity. J Exp Bot
64:1237–1248. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers262
3. Trda L, Boutrot F, Claverie J, Brule D, Dorey S, Poinssot B (2015) Perception of pathogenic or
beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the
frontline. Front Plant Sci 6:219. https://doi.org/10.3389/Fpls.2015.00219
4. Newman MA, Sundelin T, Nielsen JT, Erbs G (2013) MAMP (microbe-associated molecular
pattern) triggered immunity in plants. Front Plant Sci 4:139. https://doi.org/10.3389/
Fpls.2013.00139
5. Zipfel C (2014) Plant pattern-recognition receptors. Trends Immunol 35:345–351. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.it.2014.05.004
6. Sakamoto T, Deguchi M, Brustolini OJB, Santos AA, Silva FF, Fontes EPB (2012) The tomato
RLK superfamily: phylogeny and functional predictions about the role of the LRRII-RLK subfamily in antiviral defense. BMC Plant Biol 12:229. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-12-229
7. Liu JY, Chen NN, Grant JN, Cheng ZM, Stewart CN, Hewezi T (2015) Soybean kinome:
functional classification and gene expression patterns. J Exp Bot 66:1919–1934. https://doi.org/
10.1093/jxb/eru537
8. Liu WD, Liu JL, Triplett L, Leach JE, Wang GL (2014) Novel insights into rice innate immunity
against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 52:213–241. https://doi.org/
10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926
9. Cui HT, Tsuda K, Parker JE (2015) Effector-triggered immunity: from pathogen perception to
robust defense. Annu Rev Plant Biol 66:487–511. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant050213-040012
10. Bricchi I, Bertea CM, Occhipinti A, Paponov IA, Maffei ME (2012) Dynamics of membrane
potential variation and gene expression induced by Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae, and
Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 7(10):e46673. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046673
11. Wu SJ, Shan LB, He P (2014) Microbial signature-triggered plant defense responses and early
signaling mechanisms. Plant Sci 228:118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.001
12. Sun YD, Li L, Macho AP, Han ZF, Hu ZH, Zipfel C, Zhou JM, Chai JJ (2013) Structural basis
for flg22-induced activation of the arabidopsis FLS2-BAK1 immune complex. Science
342:624–628. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243825
13. Schulze B, Mentzel T, Jehle AK, Mueller K, Beeler S, Boller T, Felix G, Chinchilla D (2010)
Rapid heteromerization and phosphorylation of ligand-activated plant transmembrane receptors
and their associated kinase BAK1. J Biol Chem 285:9444–9451. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.
M109.096842
14. Jeworutzki E, Roelfsema MRG, Anschutz U, Krol E, Elzenga JTM, Felix G, Boller T,
Hedrich R, Becker D (2010) Early signaling through the Arabidopsis pattern recognition
receptors FLS2 and EFR involves Ca2+Àassociated opening of plasma membrane anion
channels. Plant J 62:367–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04155.x
15. Willmann R et al (2011) Arabidopsis lysin-motif proteins LYM1 LYM3 CERK1 mediate
bacterial peptidoglycan sensing and immunity to bacterial infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
108:19824–19829. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112862108
16. Liu B et al (2012) Lysin motif-containing proteins LYP4 and LYP6 play dual roles in peptidoglycan and chitin perception in rice innate immunity. Plant Cell 24:3406–3419. https://doi.org/
10.1105/tpc.112.102475
17. De Jonge R et al (2010) Conserved fungal LysM effector Ecp6 prevents chitin-triggered
immunity in plants. Science 329:953–955. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190859
18. Cao YR, Liang Y, Tanaka K, Nguyen CT, Jedrzejczak RP, Joachimiak A, Stacey G (2014) The
kinase LYK5 is a major chitin receptor in Arabidopsis and forms a chitin-induced complex with
related kinase CERK1. Elife 3. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03766
588
S. A. Zebelo